Chloramphenicol is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that was first isolated from Streptomyces venezuelae in 1947. The drug was subsequently chemically synthesized. It has both a bacteriostatic and bactericidal effect; in the usual therapeutic concentrations it is bacteriostatic. Chloramphenicol is used for the treatment of serious gram-negative, gram-positive, and anaerobic infections. It is especially useful in the treatment of meningitis, typhoid fever, and cystic fibrosis. It should be reserved for infections for which other drugs are ineffective or contraindicated. Chloramphenicol, a small inhibitor of bacterial protein synthesis, is active against a variety of bacteria and readily enters the CSF. It has been used extensively in the last decades for the treatment of bacterial meningitis. In industrialized countries, chloramphenicol is restricted mostly to topical uses because of the risk of induction of aplastic anemia. However, it remains a valuable reserve antibiotic for patients with allergy to β-lactam antibiotics or with CNS infections caused by multiresistant pathogens.

Chloramphenicol is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that was first isolated from Streptomyces venezuelae in 1947. The drug was subsequently chemically synthesized. It has both a bacteriostatic and bactericidal effect; in the usual therapeutic concentrations it is bacteriostatic. Chloramphenicol is used for the treatment of serious gram-negative, gram-positive, and anaerobic infections. It is especially useful in the treatment of meningitis, typhoid fever, and cystic fibrosis. It should be reserved for infections for which other drugs are ineffective or contraindicated. Chloramphenicol, a small inhibitor of bacterial protein synthesis, is active against a variety of bacteria and readily enters the CSF. It has been used extensively in the last decades for the treatment of bacterial meningitis. In industrialized countries, chloramphenicol is restricted mostly to topical uses because of the risk of induction of aplastic anemia. However, it remains a valuable reserve antibiotic for patients with allergy to β-lactam antibiotics or with CNS infections caused by multiresistant pathogens.

Chloramphenicol is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that was first isolated from Streptomyces venezuelae in 1947. The drug was subsequently chemically synthesized. It has both a bacteriostatic and bactericidal effect; in the usual therapeutic concentrations it is bacteriostatic. Chloramphenicol is used for the treatment of serious gram-negative, gram-positive, and anaerobic infections. It is especially useful in the treatment of meningitis, typhoid fever, and cystic fibrosis. It should be reserved for infections for which other drugs are ineffective or contraindicated. Chloramphenicol, a small inhibitor of bacterial protein synthesis, is active against a variety of bacteria and readily enters the CSF. It has been used extensively in the last decades for the treatment of bacterial meningitis. In industrialized countries, chloramphenicol is restricted mostly to topical uses because of the risk of induction of aplastic anemia. However, it remains a valuable reserve antibiotic for patients with allergy to β-lactam antibiotics or with CNS infections caused by multiresistant pathogens.

Dihydrostreptomycin is an antibiotic compound derived from streptomycin by reduction with hydrogen. The primary mechanism of action of the antibiotic dihydrostreptomycin is binding to and modifying the function of the bacterial ribosome, thus leading to decreased and aberrant translation of proteins, in addition it binds mechanosensitive channel of large conductance (MscL) and modifies its conformation, thus allowing the passage of K+ and glutamate out of, and dihydrostreptomycin into, the cell. It has about the same degree of antibacterial activity as streptomycin, but it is less effective against some gram-negative microorganisms. Because it has a higher risk of irreversible deafness, and its effectiveness is no greater that that of streptomycin, dihydrostreptomycin is no longer used clinically. To date dihydrostreptomycin is approved for veterinary use to treat bacterial infections.

Dihydrostreptomycin is an antibiotic compound derived from streptomycin by reduction with hydrogen. The primary mechanism of action of the antibiotic dihydrostreptomycin is binding to and modifying the function of the bacterial ribosome, thus leading to decreased and aberrant translation of proteins, in addition it binds mechanosensitive channel of large conductance (MscL) and modifies its conformation, thus allowing the passage of K+ and glutamate out of, and dihydrostreptomycin into, the cell. It has about the same degree of antibacterial activity as streptomycin, but it is less effective against some gram-negative microorganisms. Because it has a higher risk of irreversible deafness, and its effectiveness is no greater that that of streptomycin, dihydrostreptomycin is no longer used clinically. To date dihydrostreptomycin is approved for veterinary use to treat bacterial infections.

Dihydrostreptomycin is an antibiotic compound derived from streptomycin by reduction with hydrogen. The primary mechanism of action of the antibiotic dihydrostreptomycin is binding to and modifying the function of the bacterial ribosome, thus leading to decreased and aberrant translation of proteins, in addition it binds mechanosensitive channel of large conductance (MscL) and modifies its conformation, thus allowing the passage of K+ and glutamate out of, and dihydrostreptomycin into, the cell. It has about the same degree of antibacterial activity as streptomycin, but it is less effective against some gram-negative microorganisms. Because it has a higher risk of irreversible deafness, and its effectiveness is no greater that that of streptomycin, dihydrostreptomycin is no longer used clinically. To date dihydrostreptomycin is approved for veterinary use to treat bacterial infections.

Dihydrostreptomycin is an antibiotic compound derived from streptomycin by reduction with hydrogen. The primary mechanism of action of the antibiotic dihydrostreptomycin is binding to and modifying the function of the bacterial ribosome, thus leading to decreased and aberrant translation of proteins, in addition it binds mechanosensitive channel of large conductance (MscL) and modifies its conformation, thus allowing the passage of K+ and glutamate out of, and dihydrostreptomycin into, the cell. It has about the same degree of antibacterial activity as streptomycin, but it is less effective against some gram-negative microorganisms. Because it has a higher risk of irreversible deafness, and its effectiveness is no greater that that of streptomycin, dihydrostreptomycin is no longer used clinically. To date dihydrostreptomycin is approved for veterinary use to treat bacterial infections.

Phenylmercuric borate is classified as antimicrobial preservative. It is bactericidal against many Gram-positive and Gram-negative species. Fungicidal activity has been demonstrated against Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger. Phenylmercuric borate (PHB) is very rapidly incorporated into the cells of Escherichia coli. On the membrane, an important part of PHB seems to be associated with the ribosomes and particularly to the ribosomal proteins. Phenylmercuric borate solution is indicated for the treatment of tonsillitis, otitis, vulvovaginitis, furuncles, anthrax and ulcers, pyoderma, impetus, gingivitis and stomatitis. The regular hand disinfection with a liquid soap containing phenylmercuric borate enhanced urinary excretion of mercury indicating an increase in total daily absorption of the toxic metal. The additional amounts of mercury absorbed through the use of mercury contained in skin disinfectants are potentially dangerous for human.

Phenylmercuric borate is classified as antimicrobial preservative. It is bactericidal against many Gram-positive and Gram-negative species. Fungicidal activity has been demonstrated against Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger. Phenylmercuric borate (PHB) is very rapidly incorporated into the cells of Escherichia coli. On the membrane, an important part of PHB seems to be associated with the ribosomes and particularly to the ribosomal proteins. Phenylmercuric borate solution is indicated for the treatment of tonsillitis, otitis, vulvovaginitis, furuncles, anthrax and ulcers, pyoderma, impetus, gingivitis and stomatitis. The regular hand disinfection with a liquid soap containing phenylmercuric borate enhanced urinary excretion of mercury indicating an increase in total daily absorption of the toxic metal. The additional amounts of mercury absorbed through the use of mercury contained in skin disinfectants are potentially dangerous for human.

Tylvalosin tartrate is a third-generation macrolide antibiotic that has antibacterial activity against Gram-positive, some Gram-negative organisms and mycoplasma. Tylvalosin interferes with protein synthesis by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosome subunit. Tylvalosin binds to the donor site and prevents the translocation necessary for keeping the peptide chain growing. Its effect is essentially confined to rapidly dividing organisms. Tylvalosin tartrate is the active ingredient of Aivlosin -- a modern macrolide that has shown its effectiveness in the control of porcine proliferative enteropathy, EP and swine dysentery.