(+)-octopamine is an enantiomer of octopamine, a naturally occurring phenolamine acting as a neurotransmitter in invertebrates. Octopamine is considered to be trace amine present in mammalian tissues at very low (nanomolar) concentrations. Generally, the (+)-enantiomers of octopamine are less active than the (-)-enantiomers at adrenergic receptors. However (+)-octopamine is more potent than the (-)-octopamine as an inhibitor of semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase.

Glyceryl 1-phosphate,(S)- or glycerol-1-phosphate is a glycerophosphate backbone of the archeal ether lipids. It results from the reduction of dihydroxyacetone phosphate using NADH (or NADPH) and divalent ions as cofactors. Two different enzymes carry out the condensation of the isoprenoid chains to the glycerophosphate backbone in archea. The first ether linkage that brings together glycerol-1-phosphate and geranylgeranyl diphosphate is catalyzed by a cytoplasmic protein geranylgeranylglyceryl diphosphate (GGGP) synthase.

Praziquantel, (+)- is the dextrorotated (+) isomer of Praziquantel. Praziquantel (PZQ) is the drug of choice against schistosomiasis. Since exposure of schistosomes to the drug is associated with calcium influx and muscular contraction, calcium channels have been suggested as the target. It is a specific pharmacological effect seen exclusively with the active levo-R(-)stereo isomer of the drug. Praziquantel, (+)- apparently contributes little to the therapeutic efficacy of Praziquantel. In vivo, single 400-mg/kg oral doses of Praziquantel, (-)- and Praziquantel, (+)- achieved worm burden reductions of 100 and 19%, respectively. Moreover, worms treated in vivo with Praziquantel, (+)- displayed an only transient hepatic shift and returned to the mesenteric veins within 24 h.

D-isoleucine (D-Ile) can be assayed using chiral chromatography to differentiate the activities of D- and L-isoleucine in processes such as the induction of pigmentation in B16F0 melanoma cells and also to help characterize and differentiate various D-amino acid oxidases.

GS-9851 (formerly PSI 7851) is an orally available, second generation uridine nucleoside analog polymerase inhibitor of hepatitis C treatment. GS-9851 is a nucleotide prodrug of the nucleoside analog GS-331007 (formerly PSI-6206). GS-9851 potently inhibits HCV NS5B polymerase and has demonstrated pan-genotypic activity in vitro. Preclinical studies of GS-9851 demonstrated a favorable profile in terms of antiviral potency, distribution, and metabolism. GS-9851 is first hydrolyzed to the intermediate GS-566500 (formerly PSI-352707), which is then metabolized to either the inactive metabolite, GS-331007, or the monophosphate GS-606965 (formerly PSI-7411). Inside the hepatocyte, GS-606965 is further phosphorylated by a series of enzymatic steps to an active triphosphate metabolite, GS-461203 (formerly PSI-7409), that selectively inhibits recombinant NS5B. A first-time-in-human study demonstrated that GS-9851 (25 to 800 mg) is generally safe and well tolerated in patients chronically infected with HCV. GS-9851 has a pharmacokinetic profile consistent with once-daily dosing. Administration of GS-9851 led to significant reductions in plasma HCV RNA levels without the evolution of known resistance mutations.