Bumecaine (Pyromecaine) is a local anesthetic and anti-arrhythmic drug. It is indicated as an agent for superficial anesthesia during medical and diagnostic procedures in dentistry, ophthalmology, otorhinolaryngology, surgery, bronchology, gastroenterology, urology. The experiments on the isolated neurons in the rat spinal ganglions have shown that interaction of pyromecaine with inactivated Na+ channels makes a considerable contribution to the blocking effect of anesthesia. Oral administration of pyromecaine pills considerably depresses platelet aggregation and even causes platelet disaggregation. Possible side effects are: general weakness, nausea, vomiting, headache, dizziness, fainting, a drop in blood pressure. Quinidine increases the risk of side effects.

Vincamine is the major alkaloid of Vinca minor. Although vincamine has been used therapeutically for almost three decades, the exact mechanisms of action and its effects are still unknown. Vincamine is a peripheral vasodilator that increases blood flow to the brain. Vincamine is beneficial to the nervous system's cells feeding and protecting processes and is utilized as an adjuvant in case of cerebrovascular insufficiency, age-related psycho-behavioral disorders, post concussion syndrome in head trauma, in case of post-stroke sequels. Vincamine may be used as a dietary nootropic supplement.

Pilsicainide is marketed in Japan as (Sunrythm). Pilsicainide controls the cardiac conduction abnormalities and improves the symptoms of arrhythmia with the blocking action on Na channel. It is usually used to treat tachycardiac arrhythmia. Pilsicainide did not affect the resting membrane potential. Under the voltage-clamp condition, pilsicainide inhibited the transient outward current (Ito) that is more prominent in the atrium than in the ventricle in a concentration-dependent manner. However, in contrast to other class Ic agents, the inhibition to Ito by pilsicainide was observed only at much higher concentrations (IC50-300 uM) and did not affect the inactivation time-course of Ito. Moreover, the drug (10 uM) did not significantly affect the Ca2+, delayed rectifier K+, inward rectifying K+, acetylcholine-induced K+ or ATP-sensitive K+ currents. From these results pilsicainide could be differentiated as a pure Na+ channel blocker from other class Ic agents with diverse effects on membrane currents and should be recognized accordingly in clinical situations. A single oral dose of pilsicainide effectively restores normal sinus rhythm in patients with recent-onset atrial fibrillation and a healthy left ventricle. Long-term therapy with pilsicainide is successful in treating chronic atrial fibrillation

Metyridine has been shown to possess anthelmintic activity, particularly for the nematodes of the alimentary canal. Methyridine is able to pass freely through most of the barriers, which maintain body integrity. It produces neuromuscular block of the decamethonium type. There appears to be sufficient difference between the sensitivity of nematode and vertebrate nervous systems to this drug to allow a wide safety margin for its use in animals. Signs of toxicity, principally dullness and lassitude, may be produced by overdosage of the drug. When given subcutaneously methyridine may cause local pain, and swelling.

Ribostamycin sulfate is an aminoglycoside-aminocyclitol antibiotic isolated from a streptomycete. It is an important broad-spectrum antibiotic with important use against human immunodeficiency virus and is considered a critically important antimicrobial by the World Health Organization. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Ribostamycin is usually used to treat sepsis, superficial skin infection, deep skin infection, lymphangitis/lymphadenitis, chronic pyoderma, osteomyelitis, pharyngitis/laryngitis, tonsillitis, acute bronchitis, pneumonia, pulmonary abscess, pyothorax, secondary infection in chronic respiratory lesions, cystitis, pyelonephritis, gonococcal infection, peritonitis, cholecystitis, dacryocystitis, keratitis (including corneal ulcer), otitis media, sinusitis and gnathitis. The most commonly reported adverse reactions include renal dysfunction, liver disorder and rash.

Brovincamine also known as brovincamine fumarate (BV, Sabromin) was used in Japan mainly as an improver of cerebral circulation and metabolism, and also as an inhibitor of the aggregation of platelets through the cyclic AMP pathway in patients with normal tension glaucoma. Brovincamine exerts its action via calcium channels blockade. The current drug status is unknown.

Etafenone is an antiarrhythmic and coronary vasodilator drug. Etafenone exerts negative inotropic action on myocardium. It is able to block calcium channels. As a coronary vasodilator which produces a decrease in the heart rate and myocardial oxygen consumption, etafenone has been used in the therapy of ischemic heart disease.

Cinepazide or cinepazide maleate (Kelinao or Anjieli in China) is a vasodilator used in China for the treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, and peripheral vascular diseases. As a calcium channel blocker, cinepazide can stop calcium from entering vascular smooth muscle cells and relax smooth muscles of cerebral vessels, coronary arteries and peripheral vessels so as to relieve vasospasm, reduce vascular resistance, improve flexibility of red blood cells, increase blood circulation in cerebral vessels and improve microcirculation and brain metabolism. Cinepazide could also increase the number of cAMP by inhibiting cAMP phosphodiesterase and reduce oxygen consumption. In April 2002, cinepazide of Beijing Hwellso Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd was approved to enter the market with two dosage forms of oral formulation and injection under the trade name of Kelinao. Currently, Kelinao is the only domestic brand for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. And in 2009, cinepazide was included in the national medicare drug list. Cinepazide maleate, after wide application, has gained the recognition of Chinese doctors and patients for the treatment of cerebral arteriosclerosis, transient ischemic attack, cerebral thrombosis, cerebral embolism, cerebral hemorrhage sequel and post-traumatic brain syndrome. Besides, due to its efficacy in cardiovascular diseases and peripheral vascular diseases, cinepazide maleate has become a leading product in cerebrovascular drug market.

Bucindolol is a third-generation, non-selective β-adrenergic receptor blocker, that acts on both β-1 and β-2 receptors. Bucindolol’s additional α-1 antagonistic activity contributes to its mild vasodilator effect. It was rejected by the FDA for the heart failure, because of the unreviewed submissions deal with comparative effectiveness, clinical pharmacology, some aspects of pharmacogenetic data, and toxicology/metabolism. In addition, bucindolol is in the phase II of clinical trial for the treatment of atrial fibrillation.

Isoconazole is structurally related to miconazole and econazole and was synthesized by Janssen Pharmaceutica. The compound has been marketed in several countries, but not in the United States. It has broad-spectrum activity in vitro against dermatophytes, pathogenic yeasts, pathogenic filamentous fungi, gram-positive bacteria, and trichomonads . The mode of action appears to include rapid reduction in ATP concentrations caused by damage to the fungal cell membrane. Isoconazole interacted with the cell wall and caused convolutions and wrinkles. Isoconazole also inhibited the enzyme-catalyzed release of spheroplasts from young yeast cells. A recent study has demonstrated that application of the free base of isoconazole in combination with a volatile/nonvolatile vehicle, e.g., ethanol/propylene glycol, can increase drug bioavailability in the skin. This observation may lead to newer formulations of isoconazole and broaden its use for topical (e.g., spray) treatment of yeast and dermatophytic infections. Dermatophytic Isoconazole has been developed and marketed primarily as a once-a-day, topical anti-Candida agent for the treatment of vaginal candidiasis. Studies evaluating isoconazole have demonstrated that 80 to 90% of patients with vaginal candidiasis who were treated once a day with the drug remained clinically and mycologically cured. Following insertion of two 300-mg tablets, concentrations of isoconazole in the vagina remained above minimum inhibitory and minimum fungicidal levels for at least 72 h. Isoconazole has been developed and marketed primarily as a once-a-day, topical anti-Candida agent for the treatment of vaginal candidiasis. In clinical studies, very little of the drug entered the blood after a single vaginal application of a 600-mg dose; the same dose did not adversely affect intestinal flora by inducing a proliferation of yeast like species following prolonged administration. Studies evaluating demonstrated that 80 90% of patients.