Metoclopramide is a dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic. Metoclopramide inhibits gastric smooth muscle relaxation produced by dopamine, therefore increasing cholinergic response of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle. It accelerates intestinal transit and gastric emptying by preventing relaxation of gastric body and increasing the phasic activity of antrum. Simultaneously, this action is accompanied by relaxation of the upper small intestine, resulting in an improved coordination between the body and antrum of the stomach and the upper small intestine. Metoclopramide also decreases reflux into the esophagus by increasing the resting pressure of the lower esophageal sphincter and improves acid clearance from the esophagus by increasing amplitude of esophageal peristaltic contractions. Metoclopramide's dopamine antagonist action raises the threshold of activity in the chemoreceptor trigger zone and decreases the input from afferent visceral nerves. Studies have also shown that high doses of metoclopramide can antagonize 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptors in the peripheral nervous system in animals. Metoclopramide is used for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). It is also used in treating nausea and vomiting, and to increase gastric emptying.

Trimipramine is a tricyclic antidepressant similar to imipramine, but with more antihistaminic and sedative properties. It was sold under brand name surmontil for the relief of symptoms of depression. Endogenous depression is more likely to be alleviated than other depressive states. In studies with neurotic outpatients, the drug appeared to be equivalent to amitriptyline in the less-depressed patients but somewhat less effective than amitriptyline in the more severely depressed patients. In hospitalized depressed patients, trimipramine and imipramine were equally effective in relieving depression. Trimipramine has been reported to differ from other typical tricyclic antidepressant drugs in several aspects, for instance it does not inhibit neuronal transmitter uptake and does not cause down-regulation of beta-adrenoceptors. Moreover, it may possess antipsychotic activity in schizophrenic patients. In addition, was found that it did not antagonize the inhibitory effect of noradrenaline and 5-hydroxytryptamine on the release of transmitter, mediated by presynaptic auto receptors. In radioligand binding studies, trimipramine showed fairly high affinities for some dopamine (DA), noradrenaline and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptor subtypes (5-HT2 receptors = alpha 1A/B-adrenoceptors greater than or equal to D2 receptors), intermediate affinities for D1 receptors, alpha 2B-adrenoceptors and 5-HT1C receptors but only low affinities for alpha 2A-adrenoceptors, 5-HT1A, 5-HT1D and 5-HT3 receptors. It may thus be classified as an atypical neuroleptic drug.

Trimipramine is a tricyclic antidepressant similar to imipramine, but with more antihistaminic and sedative properties. It was sold under brand name surmontil for the relief of symptoms of depression. Endogenous depression is more likely to be alleviated than other depressive states. In studies with neurotic outpatients, the drug appeared to be equivalent to amitriptyline in the less-depressed patients but somewhat less effective than amitriptyline in the more severely depressed patients. In hospitalized depressed patients, trimipramine and imipramine were equally effective in relieving depression. Trimipramine has been reported to differ from other typical tricyclic antidepressant drugs in several aspects, for instance it does not inhibit neuronal transmitter uptake and does not cause down-regulation of beta-adrenoceptors. Moreover, it may possess antipsychotic activity in schizophrenic patients. In addition, was found that it did not antagonize the inhibitory effect of noradrenaline and 5-hydroxytryptamine on the release of transmitter, mediated by presynaptic auto receptors. In radioligand binding studies, trimipramine showed fairly high affinities for some dopamine (DA), noradrenaline and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptor subtypes (5-HT2 receptors = alpha 1A/B-adrenoceptors greater than or equal to D2 receptors), intermediate affinities for D1 receptors, alpha 2B-adrenoceptors and 5-HT1C receptors but only low affinities for alpha 2A-adrenoceptors, 5-HT1A, 5-HT1D and 5-HT3 receptors. It may thus be classified as an atypical neuroleptic drug.

Metoclopramide is a dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic. Metoclopramide inhibits gastric smooth muscle relaxation produced by dopamine, therefore increasing cholinergic response of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle. It accelerates intestinal transit and gastric emptying by preventing relaxation of gastric body and increasing the phasic activity of antrum. Simultaneously, this action is accompanied by relaxation of the upper small intestine, resulting in an improved coordination between the body and antrum of the stomach and the upper small intestine. Metoclopramide also decreases reflux into the esophagus by increasing the resting pressure of the lower esophageal sphincter and improves acid clearance from the esophagus by increasing amplitude of esophageal peristaltic contractions. Metoclopramide's dopamine antagonist action raises the threshold of activity in the chemoreceptor trigger zone and decreases the input from afferent visceral nerves. Studies have also shown that high doses of metoclopramide can antagonize 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptors in the peripheral nervous system in animals. Metoclopramide is used for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). It is also used in treating nausea and vomiting, and to increase gastric emptying.

Metoclopramide is a dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic. Metoclopramide inhibits gastric smooth muscle relaxation produced by dopamine, therefore increasing cholinergic response of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle. It accelerates intestinal transit and gastric emptying by preventing relaxation of gastric body and increasing the phasic activity of antrum. Simultaneously, this action is accompanied by relaxation of the upper small intestine, resulting in an improved coordination between the body and antrum of the stomach and the upper small intestine. Metoclopramide also decreases reflux into the esophagus by increasing the resting pressure of the lower esophageal sphincter and improves acid clearance from the esophagus by increasing amplitude of esophageal peristaltic contractions. Metoclopramide's dopamine antagonist action raises the threshold of activity in the chemoreceptor trigger zone and decreases the input from afferent visceral nerves. Studies have also shown that high doses of metoclopramide can antagonize 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptors in the peripheral nervous system in animals. Metoclopramide is used for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). It is also used in treating nausea and vomiting, and to increase gastric emptying.

Mrtoprolol is a beta-adrenergic receptor blocking agent. In vitro and in vivo animal studies have shown that it has a preferential effect on beta-1 adrenoreceptors, chiefly located in cardiac muscle. Clinical pharmacology studies have confirmed the beta-blocking activity of metoprolol in man, as shown by (1) reduction in heart rate and cardiac output at rest and upon exercise, (2) reduction of systolic blood pressure upon exercise, (3) inhibition of isoproterenol-induced tachycardia, and (4) reduction of reflex orthostatic tachycardia. Mrtoprolol is indicated for the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and myocardial infarction

Mrtoprolol is a beta-adrenergic receptor blocking agent. In vitro and in vivo animal studies have shown that it has a preferential effect on beta-1 adrenoreceptors, chiefly located in cardiac muscle. Clinical pharmacology studies have confirmed the beta-blocking activity of metoprolol in man, as shown by (1) reduction in heart rate and cardiac output at rest and upon exercise, (2) reduction of systolic blood pressure upon exercise, (3) inhibition of isoproterenol-induced tachycardia, and (4) reduction of reflex orthostatic tachycardia. Mrtoprolol is indicated for the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and myocardial infarction

Timolol is the non-selective Beta antagonist used as eye drops to treat increased pressure inside the eye such as in ocular hypertension and glaucoma. Timolol is also used for high blood pressure, chest pain due to insufficient blood flow to the heart, to prevent further complications after a heart attack, and to prevent migraines. Timolol is a beta1 and beta2 (non-selective) adrenergic receptor antagonist that does not have significant intrinsic sympathomimetic, direct myocardial depressant, or local anesthetic (membrane-stabilizing) activity. Timolol, when applied topically on the eye, has the action of reducing elevated, as well as normal intraocular pressure, whether or not accompanied by glaucoma. Elevated intraocular pressure is a major risk factor in the pathogenesis of glaucomatous visual field loss and optic nerve damage. The precise mechanism of the ocular hypotensive action of Timolol is not clearly established at this time. Tonography and fluorophotometry studies of the timolol maleate ophthalmic solution in man suggest that its predominant action may be related to the reduced aqueous formation. However, in some studies, a slight increase in outflow facility was also observed. In a study of plasma drug concentration in six subjects, the systemic exposure to timolol was determined following once daily administration of Timolol Maleate Ophthalmic Gel Forming Solution 0.5% in the morning. The mean peak plasma concentration following this morning dose was 0.28 ng/mL. Side effects, when given in the eye, include burning sensation, eye redness, superficial punctate keratopathy, corneal numbness.

Mrtoprolol is a beta-adrenergic receptor blocking agent. In vitro and in vivo animal studies have shown that it has a preferential effect on beta-1 adrenoreceptors, chiefly located in cardiac muscle. Clinical pharmacology studies have confirmed the beta-blocking activity of metoprolol in man, as shown by (1) reduction in heart rate and cardiac output at rest and upon exercise, (2) reduction of systolic blood pressure upon exercise, (3) inhibition of isoproterenol-induced tachycardia, and (4) reduction of reflex orthostatic tachycardia. Mrtoprolol is indicated for the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and myocardial infarction

Timolol is the non-selective Beta antagonist used as eye drops to treat increased pressure inside the eye such as in ocular hypertension and glaucoma. Timolol is also used for high blood pressure, chest pain due to insufficient blood flow to the heart, to prevent further complications after a heart attack, and to prevent migraines. Timolol is a beta1 and beta2 (non-selective) adrenergic receptor antagonist that does not have significant intrinsic sympathomimetic, direct myocardial depressant, or local anesthetic (membrane-stabilizing) activity. Timolol, when applied topically on the eye, has the action of reducing elevated, as well as normal intraocular pressure, whether or not accompanied by glaucoma. Elevated intraocular pressure is a major risk factor in the pathogenesis of glaucomatous visual field loss and optic nerve damage. The precise mechanism of the ocular hypotensive action of Timolol is not clearly established at this time. Tonography and fluorophotometry studies of the timolol maleate ophthalmic solution in man suggest that its predominant action may be related to the reduced aqueous formation. However, in some studies, a slight increase in outflow facility was also observed. In a study of plasma drug concentration in six subjects, the systemic exposure to timolol was determined following once daily administration of Timolol Maleate Ophthalmic Gel Forming Solution 0.5% in the morning. The mean peak plasma concentration following this morning dose was 0.28 ng/mL. Side effects, when given in the eye, include burning sensation, eye redness, superficial punctate keratopathy, corneal numbness.