Palmidrol (palmitoylethanolamide, PEA) is a natural fatty acid amide found in a variety of foods, which was initially identified in egg yolk. It is an endogenous compound, locally synthesized in animal and human tissues and body fluids, to protect against perturbing inflammation. In addition to its anti-inflammatory activity, palmidrol (palmitoylethanolamide, PEA) also produces analgesia, neuroprotection, and possesses anti-epileptic properties. It also reduces gastrointestinal motility and cancer cell proliferation, as well as protecting the vascular endothelium in the ischemic heart. The physiological stimuli that regulate palmidrol (palmitoylethanolamide, PEA) levels in mammalian tissues are largely unknown, however, multiple studies indicate that this lipid accumulates during cellular stress, particularly following tissue injury. Palmidrol (palmitoylethanolamide, PEA) is a potent and selective agonist of orphan receptor GPR55.

Salcaprozate sodium (SNAC), an oral absorption promoter that was discovered as part of a screen to identify carrier-based permeation enhancers (Pes) that could “chaperone” poorly permeable payloads across the intestine. Its potential therapeutic application as a delivery agent was tested in many formats: taste-masked liquids, tablets, and soft gelatin capsules. SNAC is the most extensively tested carrier and the only PE approved in an oral formulation designed to improve oral bioavailabilities. The mechanism of action of this compound is not clear. However, Novo Nordisk offered a mechanism of action for SNAC in its non-enteric coated tablet of the glucagon-like peptide 1 analog, semaglutide. SNAC formed a complex around the semaglutide in the stomach and caused a transient increase in local pH around the molecule. It is claimed that semaglutide is protected against pepsin by SNAC and that solubility was increased, resulting in an increased concentration-dependent flux of semaglutide across the gastric mucosa, using a transcellular mechanism as the tablet comes in intimate contact with the epithelium. Clinical trials for patients with Type 2 Diabetes have shown that the oral semaglutide co-formulated with 300 mg SNAC could be used for further clinical development.

Troxerutin (TXN) is a flavonoid present in tea, coffee, cereal grains, and a variety of fruits and vegetables. It inhibits the agglomeration of blood platelets and red blood cells; prevents thrombogenesis; protects endothelial cells; and enhances microcirculation. It possess anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic properties. Troxerutin protected different cell types (epithelial cells, fibroblasts and lymphocytes) against peroxyl radical-induced apoptosis, necrosis and mitotic death. It scavenged intracellular basal and inducible ROS levels and also restored depletion of intracellular GSH levels. Troxerutin might provide a safe and effective treatment for rhinorrhea in the common cold deserves systematic evaluation. The use of a mixture of troxerutin, diosmin and hesperidin is a safe and effective mean of managing symptoms of acute hemorrhoidal disease. Troxerutin is used for the treatment of chronic venous insufficiency.

2-deoxyglucose is predominantly used as a diagnostic agent in its radiolabelled form (fluorine-18 is used as the radiolabel). Therapeutically, 2-deoxyglucose is an investigational drug that is being studied as an anticancer and antiviral agent. The exact mechanisms of action of 2-deoxyglucose is still being investigated, but it is known that in hypoxic cancer cells, 2-deoxyglucose is a glycolysis inhibitor that prevents ATP production and, ultimately, cell survival. With respect to antiviral therapy, 2-deoxyglucose was shown to be effective against herpes simplex virus by affecting the virus' ability to penetrate cells. As an experimental drug, 2-deoxyglucose was demonstrated to work as an anticonvulsant in temporal lobe epilepsy. In this condition, 2-deoxyglucose represses the expression of certain proteins that are at high levels after a seizure. Although there are several possible therapeutic indications for 2-deoxyglucose, presently there is no approved indication for 2-deoxyglucose as a therapeutic agent.

Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a multifunctional intercellular phospholipid messenger. LPA stimulates the growth of a variety of cells including fibroblasts, vascular smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells, and keratinocytes. It is produced in relatively high levels from activated platelets and can be detected in bodily fluids including serum, saliva, follicular fluid, and malignant effusions. LPA acts as a proliferative and anti-apoptotic factor and is a ligand for LPA1 (EDG-2), LPA2 (EDG-4) and LPA3 (EDG-7) receptors. The plasma LPA level can be a useful marker for ovarian cancer, particularly in the early stages of the disease. It is known, that the therapeutic administration of LPA also blocked APAP-induced liver damage, leading to an increased survival rate by increasing the glutathione level but decreasing inflammatory cytokines in an LPA1,3,5-independent manner. Thus, LPA might be an important therapeutic agent for drug-induced liver injury. In addition, was shown, that LPA levels in plasma and ascites may be useful diagnostic biomarkers for peritoneal carcinomatosis of gastric cancer.

Keracyanin (antirrhinin) is the pigment originally isolated from the fruit of the cherry. The compound exerts potent antioxidant properties. It is able to inhibit host- and bacteria-derived proteinases. Dietary supplementation with purified keracyanin suppresses body weight gain in high-fat diet fed mice.

Oxothiazolidinecarboxylic Acid (L-2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid, OTC) was currently undergoing evaluation in a Phase II clinical trial. It is suggested that an ideal drug may be an antisense oligonucleotide that blocks the expression of glycolate oxidase, a key enzyme in hepatic oxalate synthesis.

Spiclomazine induces apoptosis associated with the suppression of migration and invasion in pancreatic carcinoma cells