Domperidone is a peripherally selective D2 receptor antagonist. It acts as an antiemetic and a prokinetic agent through its effects on the chemoreceptor trigger zone and motor function of the stomach and small intestine. Domperidone was not approved in USA due to risks of cardiac arrhythmias, cardiac arrest, and sudden death, but is available in other countries. However, FDA allows access to Domperidone through an expanded access investigational new drug application (IND) to patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease with upper GI symptoms, gastroparesis, and chronic constipation. As an “off-label” use, domperidone is prescribed to breastfeeding women to enhance their milk production.

Thioctic acid also known as alpha-lipoic acid is a dietary supplement, which is a common ingredient in OTC (over-the-counter) multivitamin formulas and anti-aging supplements. Thioctic acid exists in both R- and S-enantiomeric forms, however, only R-form is essential as a cofactor in biological systems (the acid is coupled via an amide linkage to a lysine of several multienzyme complexes, such as the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, the alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex, the glycine cleavage system and the branched-chain oxo acid dehydrogenase complex). Most commercially available thioctic acid supplements are a mixture of both R and S enantiomers or R-form alone. Several studies have shown that the acid has beneficial effect on diabetes complications, cancer, glaucome, liver disease, etc. The mechanisms of thioctic acid is related to its antioxidant properties, metal chelator properties, however, those mechanisms need futher confirmation.

Thioctic acid also known as alpha-lipoic acid is a dietary supplement, which is a common ingredient in OTC (over-the-counter) multivitamin formulas and anti-aging supplements. Thioctic acid exists in both R- and S-enantiomeric forms, however, only R-form is essential as a cofactor in biological systems (the acid is coupled via an amide linkage to a lysine of several multienzyme complexes, such as the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, the alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex, the glycine cleavage system and the branched-chain oxo acid dehydrogenase complex). Most commercially available thioctic acid supplements are a mixture of both R and S enantiomers or R-form alone. Several studies have shown that the acid has beneficial effect on diabetes complications, cancer, glaucome, liver disease, etc. The mechanisms of thioctic acid is related to its antioxidant properties, metal chelator properties, however, those mechanisms need futher confirmation.

Creatinine is a product of metabolism of creatine phosphate, a molecule that serves as a rapidly mobilizable reserve of a brain and skeletal muscle. Creatinine is excreted by kidneys with little or no reabsorption. Serum creatinine is the most commonly used indicator of renal function.

An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. Papaverine is a vasodilating agent. Papaverine is used for the treating certain conditions that are accompanied by smooth muscle spasms (eg, blood vessel, urinary, gallbladder, or intestinal spasm). Papaverine is a nonxanthine phosphodiesterase inhibitor for the relief of cerebral and peripheral ischemia associated with arterial spasm and myocardial ischemia complicated by arrhythmias. The main actions of Papaverine are exerted on cardiac and smooth muscle. Like qathidine, Papaverine acts directly on the heart muscle to depress conduction and prolong the refractory period. Papaverine relaxes various smooth muscles. This relaxation may be prominent if spasm exists. The muscle cell is not paralyzed by Papaverine and still responds to drugs and other stimuli causing contraction. The antispasmodic effect is a direct one, and unrelated to muscle innervation. Papaverine is practically devoid of effects on the central nervous system. Papaverine relaxes the smooth musculature of the larger blood vessels, especially coronary, systemic peripheral, and pulmonary arteries. Papaverine is a potent, specific inhibitor of PDE10A. Papaverine for treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED) is excluded from coverage.

An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. Papaverine is a vasodilating agent. Papaverine is used for the treating certain conditions that are accompanied by smooth muscle spasms (eg, blood vessel, urinary, gallbladder, or intestinal spasm). Papaverine is a nonxanthine phosphodiesterase inhibitor for the relief of cerebral and peripheral ischemia associated with arterial spasm and myocardial ischemia complicated by arrhythmias. The main actions of Papaverine are exerted on cardiac and smooth muscle. Like qathidine, Papaverine acts directly on the heart muscle to depress conduction and prolong the refractory period. Papaverine relaxes various smooth muscles. This relaxation may be prominent if spasm exists. The muscle cell is not paralyzed by Papaverine and still responds to drugs and other stimuli causing contraction. The antispasmodic effect is a direct one, and unrelated to muscle innervation. Papaverine is practically devoid of effects on the central nervous system. Papaverine relaxes the smooth musculature of the larger blood vessels, especially coronary, systemic peripheral, and pulmonary arteries. Papaverine is a potent, specific inhibitor of PDE10A. Papaverine for treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED) is excluded from coverage.

An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. Papaverine is a vasodilating agent. Papaverine is used for the treating certain conditions that are accompanied by smooth muscle spasms (eg, blood vessel, urinary, gallbladder, or intestinal spasm). Papaverine is a nonxanthine phosphodiesterase inhibitor for the relief of cerebral and peripheral ischemia associated with arterial spasm and myocardial ischemia complicated by arrhythmias. The main actions of Papaverine are exerted on cardiac and smooth muscle. Like qathidine, Papaverine acts directly on the heart muscle to depress conduction and prolong the refractory period. Papaverine relaxes various smooth muscles. This relaxation may be prominent if spasm exists. The muscle cell is not paralyzed by Papaverine and still responds to drugs and other stimuli causing contraction. The antispasmodic effect is a direct one, and unrelated to muscle innervation. Papaverine is practically devoid of effects on the central nervous system. Papaverine relaxes the smooth musculature of the larger blood vessels, especially coronary, systemic peripheral, and pulmonary arteries. Papaverine is a potent, specific inhibitor of PDE10A. Papaverine for treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED) is excluded from coverage.

An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. Papaverine is a vasodilating agent. Papaverine is used for the treating certain conditions that are accompanied by smooth muscle spasms (eg, blood vessel, urinary, gallbladder, or intestinal spasm). Papaverine is a nonxanthine phosphodiesterase inhibitor for the relief of cerebral and peripheral ischemia associated with arterial spasm and myocardial ischemia complicated by arrhythmias. The main actions of Papaverine are exerted on cardiac and smooth muscle. Like qathidine, Papaverine acts directly on the heart muscle to depress conduction and prolong the refractory period. Papaverine relaxes various smooth muscles. This relaxation may be prominent if spasm exists. The muscle cell is not paralyzed by Papaverine and still responds to drugs and other stimuli causing contraction. The antispasmodic effect is a direct one, and unrelated to muscle innervation. Papaverine is practically devoid of effects on the central nervous system. Papaverine relaxes the smooth musculature of the larger blood vessels, especially coronary, systemic peripheral, and pulmonary arteries. Papaverine is a potent, specific inhibitor of PDE10A. Papaverine for treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED) is excluded from coverage.

Amprolium Hydrochloride is a broad spectrum, potent coccidiostat (anti-protozoal) used for the treatment and prevention of Coccidiosis in cattle, goats, sheep, and poultry (chicken and turkey) in veterinary. Amprolium probably acts by inhibiting thiamine uptake by parasites and thus creates disorders in the metabolism of parasites.

Amprolium Hydrochloride is a broad spectrum, potent coccidiostat (anti-protozoal) used for the treatment and prevention of Coccidiosis in cattle, goats, sheep, and poultry (chicken and turkey) in veterinary. Amprolium probably acts by inhibiting thiamine uptake by parasites and thus creates disorders in the metabolism of parasites.