Dapivirine, an anti-retroviral (ARV)-based microbicide, is a substituted diaminopyrimidine (DAPY) derivative and a potent non-nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) with antiviral activity against HIV-1. Dapivirine showed high activity against wild-type and mutant HIV in in virto HIV models inhibiting a broad panel of HIV-1 isolates from different classes, including a wide range of NNRTI-resistant isolates. Developed by Janssen Sciences (formerly Tibotec Pharmaceuticals), dapivirine was initially tested as an oral treatment for HIV in a number of Phase I/II clinical trials. In 2014 the International Partnership for Microbicides (IPM) began its work on the monthly dapivirine ring. Phase I/II clinical trials in Africa, Europe and the United States proved that dapivirine is safe and well-tolerated. Phase III long-term safety and efficacy studies of the monthly dapivirine ring as part of IPM's Dapivirine Ring Licensure Program confirmed that the monthly dapivirine ring can safely help prevent HIV infection in women. In 2016 the ASPIRE Study reported a 27 percent reduction in HIV-1 acquisition with a trend toward greater protection in women over age 21 and no significant protection for women under age 21.

Talniflumate, a prodrug of niflumic acid, is a potent analgesic and anti-inflammatory drug that has been used for the treatment of rheumatoid diseases. Talniflumate was synthesized by the esterification of a carboxyl group of niflumic acid with the phthalidyl moiety, and it exerts activity in the body through conversion to niflumic acid. Talniflumate has been studied as a mucoregulator for the treatment of cystic fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and asthma. However, development of these indications appears to have been discontinued. Talniflumate has been approved and marketed for almost 20 years in Argentina and selected other countries (excluding the United States, Europe, and Japan).

Flupirtine is a triaminopyridine derivative having a chemical structure - 2-amino-3-ethoxy-carbonylamino-6-4-fluoro-benzylamino-pyridine. The basic molecule used for synthesis of flupirtine was 2, 6-dichoro 3-nitropyridine. It was first synthesized in 1980s in Germany and was marketed by Degussa Pharma. Flupirtine is a centrally acting, non-opioid analgesic that is available in a number of European countries for the treatment of a variety of pain states. The therapeutic benefits seen with flupirtine relate to its unique pharmacological properties. Flupirtine displays indirect NDMA receptor antagonism via activation of potassium channels and is the first representative of a pharmacological class denoted the 'selective neuronal potassium channel openers'. The generation of the M-current is facilitated by flupirtine via the opening of neuronal Kv7 potassium channels. The opening of these channels inhibits exaggerated neuronal action potential generation and controls neuronal excitability. Neuronal hyperexcitability is a physiological component of many pain states such as chronic pain, migraine and neurogenic pain.

Agomelatine behaves both as a potent agonist at melatonin MT1 and MT2 receptors and as a neutral antagonist at 5-HT2C receptors. Accumulating evidence in a broad range of experimental procedures supports the notion that the psychotropic effects of agomelatine are due to the synergy between its melatonergic and 5-hydroxytryptaminergic effects. Agomelatine is indicated for the treatment of major depressive episodes.

Bromopride is a dopamine D2 receptor blocker. Bromopride exerts is a gastrointestinal prokinetic exploited clinically for the management of motor disorders of the upper gastrointestinal tract, including functional dyspepsia, gastric stasis of various origins and emesis.

Tilorone (trade names Amixin, Lavomax and others) is the first recognized synthetic, small molecular weight compound that is an orally active interferon inducer. Tilorone induces the formation of interferons (alpha, beta, gamma) by intestinal epithelial cells, hepatocytes, T-lymphocytes, and granulocytes. After ingestion, the maximum production of interferon is determined in the sequence of the intestine - liver - blood after 4-24 hours. Activates the stem cells of the bone marrow, stimulates humoral immunity, increases the production of IgM, IgA, IgG, affects the antibody formation, reduces the degree of immunosuppression, restores the ratio of T-helperers / T-suppressors. The mechanism of antiviral action is associated with the inhibition of translation of virus-specific proteins in infected cells, thereby suppressing the replication of the virus. Effective against influenza viruses and viruses that cause ARVI, hepato- and herpesviruses, incl. CMV and others. The mechanism of antiviral action is associated with the inhibition of translation of virus-specific proteins in infected cells, thereby suppressing the replication of the virus.

Aceclofenac is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) analog of Diclofenac. It is used for the relief of pain and inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. The dose is 100 mg twice daily, and should not be given to people with porphyria or breastfeeding mothers and is not recommended for children. Aceclofenac is a cytokine inhibitor. Aceclofenac works by blocking the action of a substance in the body called cyclo-oxygenase. Cyclo-oxygenase is involved in the production of prostaglandins (chemicals in the body which cause pain, swelling and inflammation). Aceclofenac is the glycolic acid ester of diclofenac. The incidence of gastric ulcerogenicity of aceclofenac has been reported to be significantly lower than that of other frequently prescribed NSAIDs: for instance, 2-fold less than naproxen, 4-fold less than diclofenac, and 7-fold less than indomethacin. Aceclofenac is metabolized in human hepatocytes and human microsomes to form [2-(2',6'-dichloro-4'-hydroxy- phenylamino)phenyl] acetoxyacetic acid as the major metabolite, which is then further conjugated.

Raltitrexed belongs to a group of medicines known as antimetabolites. It is used to treat cancer of the colon and rectum. It may also be used to treat other kinds of cancer, as determined by your doctor. Raltitrexed blocks an enzyme needed by the cell to live. This interferes with the growth of cancer cells, which are eventually destroyed. Since the growth of normal body cells may also be affected by raltitrexed, other effects will also occur. Some of these may be serious and must be reported to your doctor. Other effects, like hair loss, may not be serious but may cause concern. Raltitrexed inhibits thymidylate synthase (TS) leading to DNA fragmentation and cell death. It is transported into cells via a reduced folate carrier. Inside the cell Raltitrexed is extensively polyglutamated, which enhances thymidylate synthase inhibitory power and duration. Inhibition of this enzyme results in decreased synthesis of thymidine triphosphate which is required for DNA synthesis. Raltitrexed is used for the treatment of malignant neoplasm of colon and rectum. Although raltitrexed is not approved by the US FDA, the drug was licensed in Canada and some European countries.

Acipimox (5-methylpyrazinecarboxylic acid 4-oxide) is a new lipolysis inhibitor that has a distant chemical relationship with nicotinic acid (NA). The anti-lipolytic action of acipimox is mediated through suppression of intracellular cyclic AMP levels, with the subsequent decrease in cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase activity, leading to the reduced association of hormone-sensitive lipase with triacylglycerol substrate in the lipid droplet of adipocytes. Acipimox has been identified as an agonist at G-protein coupled nicotinic acid HM74A and HM74B receptors. Acipimox (Olbetam) is indicated for the treatment as alternative or adjunct treatment to reduce triglyceride levels in patients who have not responded adequately to other treatments such as statin or fibrate treatment for hypertriglyceridaemia (Fredrickson type IV hyperlipoproteinaemia) and hypercholesterolaemia and hypertriglyceridaemia (Fredrickson type IIb hyperlipoproteinaemia).

Ornidazole is nitroimidazole derivative. It is an antiprotozoal drug that has proven to be effective against Trichomonas vaginalis, Entoamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia and Helicobacter pylori. The reduction of the nitro group and the generation of short-lived reactive intermediates are the basis of its parasiticidal activity. Ornidazole is a DNA-tropic drug with selective activity against microorganisms with enzyme systems capable of reducing the nitrogroup and catalyze the interaction between ferrodoxin proteins and nitrocompounds. After the drug penetrates the microbial cell, the mechanism of its action is based reducing the nitrogroup under the influence of the microorganism’s nitroreductases and the activity of the reduced nitroimidazole. The reduction products create compounds with DNA causing it to degrade, and disrupt the DNA replication and transcription processes. Furthermore, the drug’s metabolism products have cytotoxic properties and disrupt cellular respiration processes. It is indicated for the treatment of anaerobic systemic infections caused by ornidazole-sensitive microflora, prevention of infections caused by anaerobic bacteria, during operative treatment (especially middle and straight intestine surgeries), gynecological surgeries, severe intestinal ameobiasis, all extra-intestinal ameobiasis forms, giardiasis. Ornidazole was shown to be effective for the prevention of recurrence of Crohn's disease after ileocolonic resection.