Details
| Stereochemistry | ACHIRAL |
| Molecular Formula | C6H6N2O3 |
| Molecular Weight | 154.1234 |
| Optical Activity | NONE |
| Defined Stereocenters | 0 / 0 |
| E/Z Centers | 0 |
| Charge | 0 |
SHOW SMILES / InChI
SMILES
CC1=[N+]([O-])C=C(N=C1)C(O)=O
InChI
InChIKey=DJQOOSBJCLSSEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI=1S/C6H6N2O3/c1-4-2-7-5(6(9)10)3-8(4)11/h2-3H,1H3,(H,9,10)
| Molecular Formula | C6H6N2O3 |
| Molecular Weight | 154.1234 |
| Charge | 0 |
| Count |
|
| Stereochemistry | ACHIRAL |
| Additional Stereochemistry | No |
| Defined Stereocenters | 0 / 0 |
| E/Z Centers | 0 |
| Optical Activity | NONE |
Acipimox (5-methylpyrazinecarboxylic acid 4-oxide) is a new lipolysis inhibitor that has a distant chemical relationship with nicotinic acid (NA). The anti-lipolytic action of acipimox is mediated through suppression of intracellular cyclic AMP levels, with the subsequent decrease in cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase activity, leading to the reduced association of hormone-sensitive lipase with triacylglycerol substrate in the lipid droplet of adipocytes. Acipimox has been identified as an agonist at G-protein coupled nicotinic acid HM74A and HM74B receptors. Acipimox (Olbetam) is indicated for the treatment as alternative or adjunct treatment to reduce triglyceride levels in patients who have not responded adequately to other treatments such as statin or fibrate treatment for hypertriglyceridaemia (Fredrickson type IV hyperlipoproteinaemia) and hypercholesterolaemia and hypertriglyceridaemia (Fredrickson type IIb hyperlipoproteinaemia).
Originator
Sources: http://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800050700
Curator's Comment: # Pfizer
Approval Year
Targets
| Primary Target | Pharmacology | Condition | Potency |
|---|---|---|---|
Target ID: CHEMBL3785 Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12522134 |
6.0 µM [EC50] | ||
Target ID: GO:0016042 |
|||
Target ID: CHEMBL4421 Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12646212 |
4.39 µM [Ki] |
Conditions
| Condition | Modality | Targets | Highest Phase | Product |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | OLBETAM Approved UseOlbetam is indicated as alternative or adjunct treatment to reduce triglyceride levels in patients who have not responded adequately to other treatments such as statin or fibrate treatment for:
• hypertriglyceridaemia (Fredrickson type IV hyperlipoproteinaemia);
• hypercholesterolaemia and hypertriglyceridaemia (Fredrickson type IIb hyperlipoproteinaemia).
Olbetam should be used after other measures have been taken such as dietary changes and other non-pharmacological treatment (e.g. exercise, weight reduction).
It has not been shown that treatment of hyperlipoproteinaemia with acipimox leads to a reduction of cardiac morbidity or mortality. |
|||
| Primary | OLBETAM Approved UseOlbetam is indicated as alternative or adjunct treatment to reduce triglyceride levels in patients who have not responded adequately to other treatments such as statin or fibrate treatment for:
• hypertriglyceridaemia (Fredrickson type IV hyperlipoproteinaemia);
• hypercholesterolaemia and hypertriglyceridaemia (Fredrickson type IIb hyperlipoproteinaemia).
Olbetam should be used after other measures have been taken such as dietary changes and other non-pharmacological treatment (e.g. exercise, weight reduction).
It has not been shown that treatment of hyperlipoproteinaemia with acipimox leads to a reduction of cardiac morbidity or mortality. |
Cmax
| Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
3.51 μg/mL EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19798634/ |
250 mg single, oral dose: 250 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
ACIPIMOX plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: FASTED |
|
1.03 μg/mL EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19798634/ |
250 mg single, oral dose: 250 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
ACIPIMOX plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: FASTED |
|
0.5 μg/mL EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19798634/ |
250 mg single, oral dose: 250 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
ACIPIMOX plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: FASTED |
|
4.68 μg/mL EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19798634/ |
250 mg single, oral dose: 250 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
ACIPIMOX plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: FASTED |
|
2.31 μg/mL EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19798634/ |
250 mg single, oral dose: 250 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
ACIPIMOX plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: FASTED |
|
0.43 μg/mL EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19798634/ |
250 mg single, oral dose: 250 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
ACIPIMOX plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: FASTED |
|
3.858 μg/mL EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23447078/ |
250 mg single, oral dose: 250 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
ACIPIMOX plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: UNKNOWN sex: MALE food status: FASTED |
AUC
| Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
12.84 μg × h/mL EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19798634/ |
250 mg single, oral dose: 250 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
ACIPIMOX plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: FASTED |
|
3.8 μg × h/mL EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19798634/ |
250 mg single, oral dose: 250 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
ACIPIMOX plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: FASTED |
|
1.66 μg × h/mL EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19798634/ |
250 mg single, oral dose: 250 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
ACIPIMOX plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: FASTED |
|
14.07 μg × h/mL EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19798634/ |
250 mg single, oral dose: 250 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
ACIPIMOX plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: FASTED |
|
7.32 μg × h/mL EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19798634/ |
250 mg single, oral dose: 250 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
ACIPIMOX plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: FASTED |
|
1.77 μg × h/mL EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19798634/ |
250 mg single, oral dose: 250 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
ACIPIMOX plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: FASTED |
|
13.345 μg × h/mL EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23447078/ |
250 mg single, oral dose: 250 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
ACIPIMOX plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: UNKNOWN sex: MALE food status: FASTED |
T1/2
| Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
1.406 h EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19798634/ |
250 mg single, oral dose: 250 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
ACIPIMOX plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: FASTED |
|
1.467 h EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19798634/ |
250 mg single, oral dose: 250 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
ACIPIMOX plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: FASTED |
|
2.236 h EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19798634/ |
250 mg single, oral dose: 250 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
ACIPIMOX plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: FASTED |
|
1.487 h EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19798634/ |
250 mg single, oral dose: 250 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
ACIPIMOX plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: FASTED |
|
1.468 h EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19798634/ |
250 mg single, oral dose: 250 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
ACIPIMOX plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: FASTED |
|
1.348 h EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19798634/ |
250 mg single, oral dose: 250 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
ACIPIMOX plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: FASTED |
|
1.39 h EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23447078/ |
250 mg single, oral dose: 250 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
ACIPIMOX plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: UNKNOWN sex: MALE food status: FASTED |
Doses
| Dose | Population | Adverse events |
|---|---|---|
1200 mg 3 times / day multiple, oral Highest studied dose Dose: 1200 mg, 3 times / day Route: oral Route: multiple Dose: 1200 mg, 3 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, ADULT Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: ADULT Sex: M Food Status: UNKNOWN Sources: |
Other AEs: Flushing, Itching... |
1200 mg single, oral Highest studied dose |
healthy, ADULT Health Status: healthy Age Group: ADULT Sex: M Food Status: FASTED Sources: |
AEs
| AE | Significance | Dose | Population |
|---|---|---|---|
| Flushing | 1200 mg 3 times / day multiple, oral Highest studied dose Dose: 1200 mg, 3 times / day Route: oral Route: multiple Dose: 1200 mg, 3 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, ADULT Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: ADULT Sex: M Food Status: UNKNOWN Sources: |
|
| Itching | 1200 mg 3 times / day multiple, oral Highest studied dose Dose: 1200 mg, 3 times / day Route: oral Route: multiple Dose: 1200 mg, 3 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, ADULT Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: ADULT Sex: M Food Status: UNKNOWN Sources: |
Overview
| CYP3A4 | CYP2C9 | CYP2D6 | hERG |
|---|---|---|---|
Drug as perpetrator
| Target | Modality | Activity | Metabolite | Clinical evidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| no [IC50 >133 uM] | ||||
| no [IC50 >133 uM] | ||||
| no [IC50 >133 uM] | ||||
| no [IC50 >133 uM] | ||||
Page: 80.0 |
no | |||
Page: 104.0 |
no | |||
Page: 105.0 |
no | |||
Page: 87.0 |
no | |||
Page: 104.0 |
no |
Drug as victim
| Target | Modality | Activity | Metabolite | Clinical evidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Page: 87.0 |
no |
Tox targets
| Target | Modality | Activity | Metabolite | Clinical evidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Page: 32.0 |
PubMed
| Title | Date | PubMed |
|---|---|---|
| Effects of growth hormone and free fatty acids on insulin sensitivity in patients with type 1 diabetes. | 2009-09 |
|
| The second-meal phenomenon in type 2 diabetes. | 2009-07 |
|
| Free fatty acids inhibit growth hormone/signal transducer and activator of transcription-5 signaling in human muscle: a potential feedback mechanism. | 2009-06 |
|
| Banting Lecture. From the triumvirate to the ominous octet: a new paradigm for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. | 2009-04 |
|
| Endoplasmic reticulum stress: another link between obesity and insulin resistance/inflammation? | 2009-03 |
|
| Diabetes treatment. | 2009-03 |
|
| Effects of prolonged fasting and sustained lipolysis on insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity in normal subjects. | 2009-03 |
|
| Extremely short duration high intensity interval training substantially improves insulin action in young healthy males. | 2009-01-28 |
|
| American College of Endocrinology Pre-Diabetes Consensus Conference: part three. | 2008-12 |
|
| Atrial natriuretic peptide induces postprandial lipid oxidation in humans. | 2008-12 |
|
| Butyrate ingestion improves hepatic glycogen storage in the re-fed rat. | 2008-10-10 |
|
| Changes in triglyceride levels over time and risk of type 2 diabetes in young men. | 2008-10 |
|
| Short-term flexibility of myocardial triglycerides and diastolic function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. | 2008-09 |
|
| Increase in endoplasmic reticulum stress-related proteins and genes in adipose tissue of obese, insulin-resistant individuals. | 2008-09 |
|
| Effects of statins on high-density lipoproteins: a potential contribution to cardiovascular benefit. | 2008-08 |
|
| The lowering of hepatic fatty acid uptake improves liver function and insulin sensitivity without affecting hepatic fat content in humans. | 2008-08 |
|
| AAS, growth hormone, and insulin abuse: psychological and neuroendocrine effects. | 2008-06 |
|
| Glucose-insulin therapy, plasma substrate levels and cardiac recovery after cardiac ischemic events. | 2008-04 |
|
| Dose-response effects of free fatty acids on amino acid metabolism and ureagenesis. | 2008-03 |
|
| Inflammation and lipid accumulation in xanthoma disseminatum: Therapeutic considerations. | 2008-02 |
|
| Orlistat in the prevention of diabetes in the obese patient. | 2008 |
|
| Human visceral adipose tissue and the plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1. | 2007-11 |
|
| Inhibition of lipolysis stimulates peripheral glucose uptake but has no effect on endogenous glucose production in HIV lipodystrophy. | 2007-08 |
|
| Intense [18F]FDG tongue uptake in a case of acipimox-related angio-oedema during FDG-PET myocardial viability study. | 2007-08 |
|
| HIV-associated adipose redistribution syndrome (HARS): etiology and pathophysiological mechanisms. | 2007-06-27 |
|
| Effects on insulin secretion and insulin action of a 48-h reduction of plasma free fatty acids with acipimox in nondiabetic subjects genetically predisposed to type 2 diabetes. | 2007-06 |
|
| Dose-response effects of free fatty acids on glucose and lipid metabolism during somatostatin blockade of growth hormone and insulin in humans. | 2007-05 |
|
| Nicotinic acid receptor subtypes and their ligands. | 2007-05 |
|
| Comparison of rat and dog models of vasodilatation and lipolysis for the calculation of a therapeutic index for GPR109A agonists. | 2007-04-11 |
|
| Short-term manipulation of plasma free fatty acids does not change skeletal muscle concentrations of ceramide and glucosylceramide in lean and overweight subjects. | 2007-04 |
|
| Paradoxical changes in muscle gene expression in insulin-resistant subjects after sustained reduction in plasma free fatty acid concentration. | 2007-03 |
|
| Reduced plasma free fatty acid availability during exercise: effect on gene expression. | 2007-03 |
|
| Growth hormone-induced insulin resistance is associated with increased intramyocellular triglyceride content but unaltered VLDL-triglyceride kinetics. | 2007-03 |
|
| Combination therapy with acipimox enhances the effect of growth hormone treatment on linear body growth in the normal and small-for-gestational-age rat. | 2006-12 |
|
| No low-fat diet for the failing heart? | 2006-11-14 |
|
| Free fatty acid depletion acutely decreases cardiac work and efficiency in cardiomyopathic heart failure. | 2006-11-14 |
|
| Improved triglycerides and insulin sensitivity with 3 months of acipimox in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with hypertriglyceridemia. | 2006-11 |
|
| Inhibition of lipolysis does not affect insulin sensitivity to glucose uptake in the mourning dove. | 2006-07 |
|
| Potential role of new therapies in modifying cardiovascular risk in overweight patients with metabolic risk factors. | 2006-06 |
|
| Free fatty acids decrease circulating ghrelin concentrations in humans. | 2006-05 |
|
| Impact of diabetes mellitus on prediction of clinical outcome after coronary revascularization by 18F-FDG SPECT in patients with ischemic left ventricular dysfunction. | 2006-01 |
|
| [Effects of atorvastatin and acipimox on the lipid spectrum of blood plasma, endothelial function and a clinical course of unstable angina pectoris]. | 2006 |
|
| Acute inhibition of lipolysis does not affect postprandial suppression of endogenous glucose production. | 2005-12 |
|
| Effect of a sustained reduction in plasma free fatty acid concentration on intramuscular long-chain fatty Acyl-CoAs and insulin action in type 2 diabetic patients. | 2005-11 |
|
| Effects of GH replacement therapy in adults on serum levels of leptin and ghrelin: the role of lipolysis. | 2005-10 |
|
| Inhibition of adipose tissue lipolysis increases intramuscular lipid use in type 2 diabetic patients. | 2005-10 |
|
| Inhibition of adipose tissue lipolysis increases intramuscular lipid and glycogen use in vivo in humans. | 2005-09 |
|
| [The pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence of acipimox sustained-release tablets after a single and multiple oral administration in healthy dogs]. | 2005-05 |
|
| The effects of exercise and adipose tissue lipolysis on plasma adiponectin concentration and adiponectin receptor expression in human skeletal muscle. | 2005-03 |
|
| Plasma adiponectin is modestly decreased during 24-hour insulin infusion but not after inhibition of lipolysis by Acipimox. | 2005 |
Patents
Sample Use Guides
The recommended dosage is one 250 mg capsule 2 or 3 times daily to be taken with or after meals. The lower dose is advised in type IV and the higher dose in types IIA and IIB hyperlipoproteinaemias.
Route of Administration:
Oral
In Vitro Use Guide
Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12646212
Curator's Comment: Acipimox inhibits forskolin-stimulated intracellular cAMP accumulation in human HM74b-expressing cells and activate GTP gamma S binding in a dose-dependent manner.
Unknown
| Substance Class |
Chemical
Created
by
admin
on
Edited
Mon Mar 31 17:58:35 GMT 2025
by
admin
on
Mon Mar 31 17:58:35 GMT 2025
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| Record UNII |
K9AY9IR2SD
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| Record Status |
Validated (UNII)
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| Record Version |
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Common Name | English | ||
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Common Name | English | ||
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Common Name | English |
| Classification Tree | Code System | Code | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
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NCI_THESAURUS |
C98151
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WHO-VATC |
QC10AD06
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WHO-ATC |
C10AD06
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5310993
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ACIPIMOX
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DTXSID2046202
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C027696
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16817
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100000092318
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C72982
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CHEMBL345714
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m1372
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K9AY9IR2SD
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759818
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SUB05237MIG
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51037-30-0
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DB09055
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256-928-3
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3809
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ACTIVE MOIETY |