Phenylbutazone is an anti-inflammatory drug, which binds to and inactivates cyclooxygenases and prostacyclin synthase through peroxide (H2O2) mediated deactivation. The reduced production of prostaglandin leads to reduced inflammation of the surrounding tissues. Phenylbutazone was marked under the brand name butazolidin for the treatment rheumatoid arthritis and gout, but then this usage was discontinued. In addition, phenylbutazone is used in UK for the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis, but only in those cases, when other therapies are unsuitable.

Phenindione is an anticoagulant which functions as a Vitamin K antagonist. The drug was discontinued in USA, but still in use worldwide.

DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) is a colorless, crystalline, tasteless and almost odorless organochloride known for its insecticidal properties and environmental impacts. First synthesized in 1874, DDT's insecticidal action was discovered by the Swiss chemist Paul Hermann Müller in 1939. It was used in the second half of World War II to control malaria and typhus among civilians and troops. After the war, DDT was also used as an agricultural insecticide and its production and use duly increased. The United States banned the use of DDT in 1972, but some countries still use the chemical. In December 2000, in a convention organized by the United Nations Environment Program, 122 nations agreed to a treaty banning twelve very toxic chemicals. Included among the twelve was DDT. However, the treaty allowed the use of DDT to combat malaria until other alternatives become available. Before it can take effect the treaty must be ratified by 50 of the nations that agreed to it in principle. DDT has also been used in the past for the treatment of lice. It is still in use outside the United States for the control of mosquitoes that spread malaria. DDT and related chemicals persist for a long time in the environment and in animal tissues. People are most likely to be exposed to DDT from food, including meat, fish, and dairy products. DDT can be absorbed by eating, breathing, or touching products contaminated with DDT. In the body, DDT is converted into several metabolic products, including the metabolite dichlorodiphenyldichloroethene (DDE). DDT and DDE are stored in the body’s fatty tissues. In pregnant women DDT and DDE can be passed to the fetus. Both chemicals are found in breast milk, resulting in exposure to nursing infants. Human health effects from DDT at low environmental doses are unknown. However, following exposure to high doses human symptoms can include vomiting, tremors or shakiness, and seizures. Laboratory animal studies showed effects on both the liver and reproduction. DDT is considered a possible human carcinogen. DDE acts as a weak androgen receptor antagonist, but not as an estrogen. p,p'-DDT, DDT's main component, has little or no androgenic or estrogenic activity. The minor component o,p'-DDT has weak estrogenic activity.

Tubocurarine, a naturally occurring alkaloid, is used to treat smoking withdrawl syndrom. Tubocurarine, the chief alkaloid in tobacco products, binds stereo-selectively to nicotinic-cholinergic receptors at the autonomic ganglia, in the adrenal medulla, at neuromuscular junctions, and in the brain. Two types of central nervous system effects are believed to be the basis of Tubocurarine's positively reinforcing properties. A stimulating effect is exerted mainly in the cortex via the locus ceruleus and a reward effect is exerted in the limbic system. At low doses the stimulant effects predominate while at high doses the reward effects predominate. Intermittent intravenous administration of Tubocurarine activates neurohormonal pathways, releasing acetylcholine, norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, vasopressin, beta-endorphin, growth hormone, and ACTH. Tubocurarine competes with acetylcholine for post-synaptic nicotinic NM receptors and blocks them.

Hydrastinine is a synthetic alkaloid prepared by various processes from either hydrastine, berberine, or narcotine. It exerts a strong stimulating action on the uterus of all species studied, including human. Hydrastinine and the closely related alkaloid cotarnine have been employed as hemostatics, particularly in abnormal uterine conditions. In the non-pregnant animal, hydrastinine in doses of 10 mg. depressed both tonus and activity, even after the section of the hypogastric. In the pregnant cat, it caused the uterus to contract. A stimulant action was also noted in the non-pregnant animal if nicotine were administered prior to hydrastinine. The rabbit uterus in situ was strongly contracted. Laidlaw believed that hydrastinine acted on the uterus both directly on the smooth muscle and also through its sympathetic innervation. Repeated administration of large doses for a period of time resulted in greatly increased amplitude of contractions which persisted after removal of the drug. The drug was patented by Bayer as a haemostatic drug during the 1910s.

QUININE HYPOPHOSPHITE, a salt of quinine, was formerly used, along with the hypophosphites of sodium, potassium, calcium, and iron, in the treatment of phthisis and neurasthenic conditions.

Melatonin (5-methoxy N-acetyltryptamine) is a hormone synthesized and released from the pineal gland at night, which acts on specific high affinity G-protein coupled receptors to regulate various aspects of physiology and behaviour, including circadian and seasonal responses, and some retinal, cardiovascular and immunological functions. Melatonin is also made synthetically and available without a prescription as an over-the-counter (OTC) dietary supplement in the U.S. Melatonin supplementation has many uses, however, it has been widely studied for treatment of jet lag and sleep disorders. Parents may consider using melatonin to help their child who has a trouble falling asleep. A medical professional should always evaluate insomnia or other sleeping disorders in children. Additionally, melatonin has been shown to protect against oxidative stress in various, highly divergent experimental systems. There are many reasons for its remarkable protective potential. In mammals, melatonin binds to a number of receptor subtypes including high-affinity (MT1 and MT2) and low-affinity (MT3, nuclear orphan receptors) binding sites, which are distributed throughout the central nervous system and periphery.

Cinchophen, phenylcinchoninic acid, seems to have been discovered in 1887 by Doebner and Gieseke and to have been introduced into medicine under the trade name of atophan in 1908 by Nicolaier and Dohrn. Since that time it has been used extensively for gout as well as for other forms of arthritis and for the relief of pain of all types. Use of Cinchophen in humans ceased in the 1930s due to the discovery that it can cause serious liver damage.

Antipyrine is an analgesic and antipyretic that has been given by mouth and as ear drops. It is often used in testing the effects of other drugs or diseases on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. It inhibits cyclooxygenases and shows little anti-inflammatory activity. Like many old and approved substances after almost 100 years of use, antipyrine has been associated with some serious side effects, namely agranulocytosis and shock reactions.

Quinine ascorbate is a salt of antimalarial drug quinine and ascorbic acid (vitamin C). Ascorbate reduces the potency of quinolone-containing anti-malarial drugs. Quinine ascorbate was marketed as a component of over-the-counter smoking deterrent products but was not recognized as safe by the FDA regulation in 1993.