Isoproterenol (trade names Medihaler-Iso and Isuprel) is a medication used for the treatment of bradycardia (slow heart rate), heart block, and rarely for asthma. Isoproterenol is a non-selective β adrenoreceptor agonist and TAAR1 agonist that is the isopropylaminomethyl analog of epinephrine. Isoprenaline's effects on the cardiovascular system (non-selective) relate to its actions on cardiac β1 receptors and β2 receptors on smooth muscle within the tunica media of arterioles. Isoprenaline has positive inotropic and chronotropic effects on the heart. β2 adrenoceptor stimulation in arteriolar smooth muscle induces vasodilation. Its inotropic and chronotropic effects elevate systolic blood pressure, while its vasodilatory effects tend to lower diastolic blood pressure. The overall effect is to decrease mean arterial pressure due to the β2 receptors' vasodilation. The adverse effects of isoprenaline are also related to the drug's cardiovascular effects. Isoprenaline can produce tachycardia (an elevated heart rate), which predisposes patients to cardiac arrhythmias.

Isoproterenol (trade names Medihaler-Iso and Isuprel) is a medication used for the treatment of bradycardia (slow heart rate), heart block, and rarely for asthma. Isoproterenol is a non-selective β adrenoreceptor agonist and TAAR1 agonist that is the isopropylaminomethyl analog of epinephrine. Isoprenaline's effects on the cardiovascular system (non-selective) relate to its actions on cardiac β1 receptors and β2 receptors on smooth muscle within the tunica media of arterioles. Isoprenaline has positive inotropic and chronotropic effects on the heart. β2 adrenoceptor stimulation in arteriolar smooth muscle induces vasodilation. Its inotropic and chronotropic effects elevate systolic blood pressure, while its vasodilatory effects tend to lower diastolic blood pressure. The overall effect is to decrease mean arterial pressure due to the β2 receptors' vasodilation. The adverse effects of isoprenaline are also related to the drug's cardiovascular effects. Isoprenaline can produce tachycardia (an elevated heart rate), which predisposes patients to cardiac arrhythmias.

Biotin (also known as vitamin H and vitamin B7) is a water-soluble vitamin which is required for normal cellular functions, growth and development. Biotin is an important cofactor for many mitochondria and cytoplasm enzymes: acetyl-CoA carboxylase a (ACCa),7 ACCb, pyruvate carboxylase (PC), propionyl-CoA carboxylase (PCC), and methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase (MCC) and plays critical role in in the intermediate metabolism of gluconeogenesis, fatty acid synthesis, and amino acid catabolism. The vitamin cannot be synthesized by humans and must be obtained from diet. If there is a lack of biotin, an organism starts suffering from biotin deficiency, a condition which is very common among pregnant women, for example. The vitamin deficiency effects hair, nail growth and skin health. For preventing measures, biotin should be taken as a dietary supplement (in a form of vitamin complex or as a pure biotin) which are marketed worldwide under different names. Biotin is a part of many formulations which were approved by FDA.

Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is a water-soluble vitamin. It occurs as a white or slightly yellow crystal or powder with a slight acidic taste. Ascorbic acid is an electron donor, and this property accounts for all its known functions. As an electron donor, ascorbic acid is a potent water-soluble antioxidant in humans. Ascorbic acid acts as an antioxidant under physiologic conditions exhibiting a cross over role as a pro-oxidant in pathological conditions. Oxidized ascorbic acid (dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) directly inhibits IkappaBalpha kinase beta (IKKbeta) and IKKalpha enzymatic activity in vitro, whereas ascorbic acid did not have this effect. These findings define a function for vitamin C in signal transduction other than as an antioxidant and mechanistically illuminate how vitamin C down-modulates NF-kappaB signaling. Vitamin C is recommended for the prevention and treatment of scurvy. Its parenteral administration is desirable for patients with an acute deficiency or for those whose absorption of orally ingested ascorbic acid (vitamin c) is uncertain. Symptoms of mild deficiency may include faulty bone and tooth development, gingivitis, bleeding gums, and loosened teeth. Febrile states, chronic illness, and infection (pneumonia, whooping cough, tuberculosis, diphtheria, sinusitis, rheumatic fever, etc.) increase the need for ascorbic acid (vitamin c). Hemovascular disorders, burns, delayed fracture and wound healing are indications for an increase in the daily intake.

Thiamine, also known as vitamin B1, plays a key role in the human metabolism. It is present in many dietary sources such as meats, eggs, fish, beans and peas, nuts, and whole grains. Upon administration thiamine is converted by thiamine pyrophosphokinase-1 (TPK1) to the active form, thiamine pyrophosphate, which serves as a cofactor for enzymes involved in the TCA cycle and the non-oxidative part of the pentose phosphate pathway. The lack of thiamine may cause the thiamine deficiency. The classical syndrome caused primarily by thiamine deficiency in humans is beriberi, however, symptoms of thiamine deficiency also include congestive heart failure, metabolic acidosis, confusion, ataxia and seizures. Thiamine is a component of many vitamin complexes, which are approved for the treatmen and prevention of general vitamin deficiency, including the thiamine deficiency.

Thiamine, also known as vitamin B1, plays a key role in the human metabolism. It is present in many dietary sources such as meats, eggs, fish, beans and peas, nuts, and whole grains. Upon administration thiamine is converted by thiamine pyrophosphokinase-1 (TPK1) to the active form, thiamine pyrophosphate, which serves as a cofactor for enzymes involved in the TCA cycle and the non-oxidative part of the pentose phosphate pathway. The lack of thiamine may cause the thiamine deficiency. The classical syndrome caused primarily by thiamine deficiency in humans is beriberi, however, symptoms of thiamine deficiency also include congestive heart failure, metabolic acidosis, confusion, ataxia and seizures. Thiamine is a component of many vitamin complexes, which are approved for the treatmen and prevention of general vitamin deficiency, including the thiamine deficiency.

Thiamine, also known as vitamin B1, plays a key role in the human metabolism. It is present in many dietary sources such as meats, eggs, fish, beans and peas, nuts, and whole grains. Upon administration thiamine is converted by thiamine pyrophosphokinase-1 (TPK1) to the active form, thiamine pyrophosphate, which serves as a cofactor for enzymes involved in the TCA cycle and the non-oxidative part of the pentose phosphate pathway. The lack of thiamine may cause the thiamine deficiency. The classical syndrome caused primarily by thiamine deficiency in humans is beriberi, however, symptoms of thiamine deficiency also include congestive heart failure, metabolic acidosis, confusion, ataxia and seizures. Thiamine is a component of many vitamin complexes, which are approved for the treatmen and prevention of general vitamin deficiency, including the thiamine deficiency.

Thiamine, also known as vitamin B1, plays a key role in the human metabolism. It is present in many dietary sources such as meats, eggs, fish, beans and peas, nuts, and whole grains. Upon administration thiamine is converted by thiamine pyrophosphokinase-1 (TPK1) to the active form, thiamine pyrophosphate, which serves as a cofactor for enzymes involved in the TCA cycle and the non-oxidative part of the pentose phosphate pathway. The lack of thiamine may cause the thiamine deficiency. The classical syndrome caused primarily by thiamine deficiency in humans is beriberi, however, symptoms of thiamine deficiency also include congestive heart failure, metabolic acidosis, confusion, ataxia and seizures. Thiamine is a component of many vitamin complexes, which are approved for the treatmen and prevention of general vitamin deficiency, including the thiamine deficiency.

Pyridoxine is the 4-methanol form of vitamin B6 and is converted to pyridoxal 5-phosphate in the body. Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) is a water-soluble vitamin used in the prophylaxis and treatment of vitamin B6 deficiency and peripheral neuropathy in those receiving isoniazid (isonicotinic acid hydrazide, INH). Vitamin B6 has been found to lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure in a small group of subjects with essential hypertension. Hypertension is another risk factor for atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. Another study showed pyridoxine hydrochloride to inhibit ADP- or epinephrine-induced platelet aggregation and to lower total cholesterol levels and increase HDL-cholesterol levels, again in a small group of subjects. Vitamin B6, in the form of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, was found to protect vascular endothelial cells in culture from injury by activated platelets. Endothelial injury and dysfunction are critical initiating events in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Human studies have demonstrated that vitamin B6 deficiency affects cellular and humoral responses of the immune system. Vitamin B6 deficiency results in altered lymphocyte differentiation and maturation, reduced delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses, impaired antibody production, decreased lymphocyte proliferation and decreased interleukin (IL)-2 production, among other immunologic activities. Used for the treatment of vitamin B6 deficiency and for the prophylaxis of isoniazid-induced peripheral neuropathy.

Thiamine, also known as vitamin B1, plays a key role in the human metabolism. It is present in many dietary sources such as meats, eggs, fish, beans and peas, nuts, and whole grains. Upon administration thiamine is converted by thiamine pyrophosphokinase-1 (TPK1) to the active form, thiamine pyrophosphate, which serves as a cofactor for enzymes involved in the TCA cycle and the non-oxidative part of the pentose phosphate pathway. The lack of thiamine may cause the thiamine deficiency. The classical syndrome caused primarily by thiamine deficiency in humans is beriberi, however, symptoms of thiamine deficiency also include congestive heart failure, metabolic acidosis, confusion, ataxia and seizures. Thiamine is a component of many vitamin complexes, which are approved for the treatmen and prevention of general vitamin deficiency, including the thiamine deficiency.