Swertiamarin is a secoiridoid glycoside found in Enicostema axillare (Lam) A. Raynal, a medicinal plant used as a depurative in the Indian system of traditional medicine. Swertiamarin reported to exhibit a wide range of biological activities such as anti-atherosclerotic, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. These activities were mainly due to its effect on various signaling pathways associated with cardiac remodeling events such as inhibition of NF-kB expression, LDL oxidation, apoptosis, inflammatory and lipid peroxidation markers and stimulation of antioxidant enzymes. Recently was discovered, that swertiamarin targets potential metabolic regulators AMPK and PPAR-α, through which it regulates hepatic glycemic burden, fat accumulation, insulin resistance and ROS in hepatic steatosis which emphasizes clinical significance of swertiamarin in regulating metabolism and as a suitable candidate for treating non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

α-Mangostin is a bioactive compound isolated from Garcinia mangostana L. known as the queen of fruits. Traditionally, numerous parts of G. mangostana have been utilized to treat various ailments such as abdominal pain, food allergies, arthritis, leucorrhoea, gonorrhea, diarrhea, and chronic ulcer. Experiments on animal have revealed that alpha-mangostin, an acid sphingomyelinase inhibitor, plays a protective role in diabetic neuropathy by relieving ER stress induced-renal cell apoptosis. Besides, it used against gastric ulcer, but this study was discontinued. α-Mangostin is also a histamine H1 receptor antagonist and is a specific inhibitor of lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1), which has been reported to be overexpressed in several human cancers. α-mangostin has anti-carcinogenic effects against several cancers, including breast, colorectal cancers, and renal cell carcinoma. Thus, α-mangostin can be used to produce more potent LSD1 inhibitors with potential anticancer activity.

Mangiferin, a bioactive compound derived primarily from Anacardiaceae and Gentianaceae families and found in mangoes and honeybush tea, has been extensively studied for its therapeutic properties. Mangiferin has shown promising chemotherapeutic and chemopreventative potential. In traditional medicine, different cultures have cultivated and processed mangiferin rich plants for the treatment of a range of illnesses including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, infection and cancer. Mangiferin is primarily implicated in down-regulating inflammation, causing cell cycle arrest, reducing proliferation/metastasis, promoting apoptosis in malignant cells and protecting against oxidative stress and DNA damage. Mangiferin also enhances the capacity of the monocyte-macrophage system and possesses antibacterial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.