Nornicotine is a natural alkaloid produced by plants in the genus Nicotiana and is structurally related to nicotine. Nornicotine is the direct precursor of tobacco-specific nitrosamine N'-nitrosonornicotine, which is a highly potent human carcinogen. Nornicotine is an active nicotine metabolite, which accumulates in brain to pharmacologically relevant concentrations following repeated nicotine administration to rats. Nornicotine stimulated DA release from nucleus accumbens in a nicotinic receptor-mediated manner, further supporting the hypothesis that nornicotine contributes to tobacco dependence. Nornicotine is present in Nicotiana tobaccum in both S(-) and R(+) enantiomeric forms. Nornicotine enantiomeric forms appear to differ in analgesic potency and side effects. Exposure to nornicotine results in additional activation of α7-type receptors, which may be important for effects on cognition and attention. Likewise, the effects of nornicotine on α6-containing receptors may contribute to the reinforcing effects of nicotine, and therefore, is relevant to dependence on tobacco. In contrast to nicotine, nornicotine had relatively low activity on receptors other than those containing α7 or α6 subunits. Yaupon Therapeutics was developing Nornicotine as a once a day oral drug for smoking cessation. However this development was discontinued.

(E)-Tetrachlorovinphos is an (E)- isomer of Tetrachlorovinphos. Tetrachlorovinphos is an organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide. Tetrachlorvinphos was introduced and first used commercially in 1966 in the USA. Tetrachlorvinphos was originally registered for use on various food crops, livestock, pet animals. Tetrachlorvinphos is applied dermally to livestock to control flies and mites. It is used as an oral larvicide in cattle, hog, goats and horses; in cattle ear tags to control flies; in cattle feedlots; in poultry dust boxes to control poultry mites; and in poultry houses. Tetrachlorvinphos also is used in pet sleeping areas and pet flea collars and to control flies around refuse sites, recreational areas, and for general outdoor treatment. Tetrachlorvinphos can cause cholinesterase inhibition in humans; that is, it can overstimulate the nervous system causing nausea, dizziness, confusion, and at very high exposures (e.g., accidents or major spills), respiratory paralysis and death. In 2014, the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) filed a lawsuit against the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) seeking EPA to respond to NRDC’s 2009 petition to ban tetrachlorvinphos in common pet flea treatment products. Tetrachlorvinphos is reportedly registered for use in Canada, South Africa, and Australia.

Tebufenozide, a non-steroidal insect growth regulator, is extensively used to control pests. It is considered an environmentally friendly pesticide due to its specificity on target insects. However, some studies have found that tebufenozide is cytotoxic to man, although the exact mechanism is unknown. Experiments with human cells have shown that tebufenozide induced DNA damage in HeLa cells. This effect was achieved by inducing the cell cycle arrest and by apoptosis through activating the p53 protein in a Bax- and Bcl-2-triggered mitochondrial pathway.

Proclonol is a cyclopropylmethanol derivative patented by Belgium pharmaceutical company Janssen Pharmaceutica N. V. as an arachnicide and fungicide. Tetranychus urticae in the adult stage on bean plants were killed within 3 days with a spray contg. 35 ppm. Proclonol, while all of the larval stage on strawberry leaves was killed by 62.5 ppm., and no eggs sprayed with 40 ppm. hatched. A suspension of 500 ppm. Proclonol used to dip strawberry leaves infested with Tarsonemus pallidus killed 96.2% of the mites.

Bromociclen (5-(Bromomethyl)-1,2,3,4,7,7-hexachlorobicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene; 5-(Bromomethyl)-1,2,3,4,7,7-hexachloro-2-norbornene) is a halogenated bicyclic insecticide. Bromociclen is used for the control of stored-product insects as well as against ecto-parasites.