Cefotiam is a third generation beta-lactam cephalosporin antibiotic. It has broad spectrum activity against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. It does not have activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The bactericidal activity of cefotiam results from the inhibition of cell wall synthesis via affinity for penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs).

Penbutolol is a new beta-adrenergic blocking drug approved for the treatment of hypertension. It is a noncardioselective beta-blocker and has intrinsic sympathomimetic activity. Penbutolol is marketed under the trade names Levatol, Levatolol, Lobeta, Paginol, Hostabloc, Betapressin. Penbutolol acts on the β1 adrenergic receptors in both the heart and the kidney. When β1 receptors are activated by catecholamines, they stimulate a coupled G protein that leads to the conversion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). The increase in cAMP leads to activation of protein kinase A (PKA), which alters the movement of calcium ions in heart muscle and increases the heart rate. Penbutolol blocks the catecholamine activation of β1 adrenergic receptors and decreases heart rate, which lowers blood pressure. Levatol (Penbutolol) is indicated in the treatment of mild to moderate arterial hypertension. It may be used alone or in combination with other antihypertensive agents, especially thiazide-type diuretics.

Cefmenoxime is a semisynthetic beta-lactam cephalosporin antibiotic with activity similar to that of cefotaxime. Like other 'third-generation' cephalosporins it is active in vitro against most common Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens, is a potent inhibitor of Enterobacteriaceae (including beta-lactamase-producing strains), and is resistant to hydrolysis by beta-lactamases. Cefmenoxime has a high rate of clinical efficacy in many types of infection and is at least equal in clinical and bacteriological efficacy to several other cephalosporins in urinary tract infections, respiratory tract infections, postoperative infections and gonorrhoea. The bactericidal activity of cefmenoxime results from the inhibition of cell wall synthesis via affinity for penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs). Cefmenoxime is stable in the presence of a variety of b-lactamases, including penicillinases and some cephalosporinases. Cefmenoxime is marketed in Japan under the brand name Bestron, indicated for the treatment of otitis externa, otitis media, and sinusitis. Cefmenoxime hydrochloride was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on Dec 30, 1987. It was developed and marketed as Cefmax®, but it has being discontinued.

Cefmenoxime is a semisynthetic beta-lactam cephalosporin antibiotic with activity similar to that of cefotaxime. Like other 'third-generation' cephalosporins it is active in vitro against most common Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens, is a potent inhibitor of Enterobacteriaceae (including beta-lactamase-producing strains), and is resistant to hydrolysis by beta-lactamases. Cefmenoxime has a high rate of clinical efficacy in many types of infection and is at least equal in clinical and bacteriological efficacy to several other cephalosporins in urinary tract infections, respiratory tract infections, postoperative infections and gonorrhoea. The bactericidal activity of cefmenoxime results from the inhibition of cell wall synthesis via affinity for penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs). Cefmenoxime is stable in the presence of a variety of b-lactamases, including penicillinases and some cephalosporinases. Cefmenoxime is marketed in Japan under the brand name Bestron, indicated for the treatment of otitis externa, otitis media, and sinusitis. Cefmenoxime hydrochloride was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on Dec 30, 1987. It was developed and marketed as Cefmax®, but it has being discontinued.

Penbutolol is a new beta-adrenergic blocking drug approved for the treatment of hypertension. It is a noncardioselective beta-blocker and has intrinsic sympathomimetic activity. Penbutolol is marketed under the trade names Levatol, Levatolol, Lobeta, Paginol, Hostabloc, Betapressin. Penbutolol acts on the β1 adrenergic receptors in both the heart and the kidney. When β1 receptors are activated by catecholamines, they stimulate a coupled G protein that leads to the conversion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). The increase in cAMP leads to activation of protein kinase A (PKA), which alters the movement of calcium ions in heart muscle and increases the heart rate. Penbutolol blocks the catecholamine activation of β1 adrenergic receptors and decreases heart rate, which lowers blood pressure. Levatol (Penbutolol) is indicated in the treatment of mild to moderate arterial hypertension. It may be used alone or in combination with other antihypertensive agents, especially thiazide-type diuretics.

Ceftizoxime is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic, which can be administered intravenously or intramuscularly. It was sold under brand name, cefizox, but was removed from the US Market in 2007. Cefizox was used to treat different infections, such as lower respiratory tract infections caused by Klebsiella spp.; Proteus mirabilis; Escherichia coli; Haemophilus influenza; urinary tract Infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus (penicillinase¬ and nonpenicillinase¬producing); Escherichia coli; Pseudomonas spp. Also for treatment of gonorrhea including uncomplicated cervical and urethral gonorrhea caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae; pelvic inflammatory disease caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Escherichia coli or Streptococcus agalactiae; meningitis caused by Haemophilus influenza. In addition, some others infections. Cefizox has also been used successfully in the treatment of a limited number of pediatric and adult cases of meningitis caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae. Infections caused by aerobic gram ¬negative and by mixtures of organisms resistant to other cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, or penicillins have responded to treatment with Cefizox. The bactericidal action of ceftizoxime results from inhibition of the third and last stage of bacterial cell wall synthesis. Bacterial cell wall autolytic enzymes such as autolysins then mediate cell lysis; it is possible that ceftizoxime interferes with an autolysin inhibitor. Ceftizoxime is highly resistant to a broad spectrum of beta -lactamases (penicillinase and cephalosporinase), including Richmond types II, III, TEM, IV, produced by both aerobic and anaerobic gram - positive and gram - negative organisms and I.

Ceftizoxime is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic, which can be administered intravenously or intramuscularly. It was sold under brand name, cefizox, but was removed from the US Market in 2007. Cefizox was used to treat different infections, such as lower respiratory tract infections caused by Klebsiella spp.; Proteus mirabilis; Escherichia coli; Haemophilus influenza; urinary tract Infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus (penicillinase¬ and nonpenicillinase¬producing); Escherichia coli; Pseudomonas spp. Also for treatment of gonorrhea including uncomplicated cervical and urethral gonorrhea caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae; pelvic inflammatory disease caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Escherichia coli or Streptococcus agalactiae; meningitis caused by Haemophilus influenza. In addition, some others infections. Cefizox has also been used successfully in the treatment of a limited number of pediatric and adult cases of meningitis caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae. Infections caused by aerobic gram ¬negative and by mixtures of organisms resistant to other cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, or penicillins have responded to treatment with Cefizox. The bactericidal action of ceftizoxime results from inhibition of the third and last stage of bacterial cell wall synthesis. Bacterial cell wall autolytic enzymes such as autolysins then mediate cell lysis; it is possible that ceftizoxime interferes with an autolysin inhibitor. Ceftizoxime is highly resistant to a broad spectrum of beta -lactamases (penicillinase and cephalosporinase), including Richmond types II, III, TEM, IV, produced by both aerobic and anaerobic gram - positive and gram - negative organisms and I.

Ceftizoxime is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic, which can be administered intravenously or intramuscularly. It was sold under brand name, cefizox, but was removed from the US Market in 2007. Cefizox was used to treat different infections, such as lower respiratory tract infections caused by Klebsiella spp.; Proteus mirabilis; Escherichia coli; Haemophilus influenza; urinary tract Infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus (penicillinase¬ and nonpenicillinase¬producing); Escherichia coli; Pseudomonas spp. Also for treatment of gonorrhea including uncomplicated cervical and urethral gonorrhea caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae; pelvic inflammatory disease caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Escherichia coli or Streptococcus agalactiae; meningitis caused by Haemophilus influenza. In addition, some others infections. Cefizox has also been used successfully in the treatment of a limited number of pediatric and adult cases of meningitis caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae. Infections caused by aerobic gram ¬negative and by mixtures of organisms resistant to other cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, or penicillins have responded to treatment with Cefizox. The bactericidal action of ceftizoxime results from inhibition of the third and last stage of bacterial cell wall synthesis. Bacterial cell wall autolytic enzymes such as autolysins then mediate cell lysis; it is possible that ceftizoxime interferes with an autolysin inhibitor. Ceftizoxime is highly resistant to a broad spectrum of beta -lactamases (penicillinase and cephalosporinase), including Richmond types II, III, TEM, IV, produced by both aerobic and anaerobic gram - positive and gram - negative organisms and I.

Bacampicillin is a penicillin antibiotic. It is a prodrug of ampicillin with improved oral bioavailability. It exerts bactericidal activity via inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding one or more of the penicillin binding proteins (PBPs). Spectrobid is used to treat bacterial infections such as tonsillitis, pneumonia (lung infection), bronchitis (inflammation of airway), urinary tract infections, gonorrhea, and infections of the skin. Adverse effects are: anemia, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, agranulocytosis, seizures, nephrotoxicity, Jarisch-Herxheimer Reaction (fever, chills, sweating, tachycardia, hyperventilation, flushing, and myalgia). Drug interactions: Contraceptives - decreased contraceptive effectiveness; Live Typhoid Vaccine - decreased immunological response to the typhoid vaccine; Probenecid - increased bacampicillin levels.

Meclocycline is a tetracycline antibiotic. It is used topically for skin infections treatment. Tetracyclines are broad-spectrum bacteriostatic agents and act by inhibiting protein synthesis by blocking the binding of aminoacyl tRNA (transfer RNA) to the mRNA (messenger RNA) ribosome complex. Meclocycline might increase sensitivity to light when it is used with Aminolevulinic acid.