Cinchophen, phenylcinchoninic acid, seems to have been discovered in 1887 by Doebner and Gieseke and to have been introduced into medicine under the trade name of atophan in 1908 by Nicolaier and Dohrn. Since that time it has been used extensively for gout as well as for other forms of arthritis and for the relief of pain of all types. Use of Cinchophen in humans ceased in the 1930s due to the discovery that it can cause serious liver damage.

Cinchophen, phenylcinchoninic acid, seems to have been discovered in 1887 by Doebner and Gieseke and to have been introduced into medicine under the trade name of atophan in 1908 by Nicolaier and Dohrn. Since that time it has been used extensively for gout as well as for other forms of arthritis and for the relief of pain of all types. Use of Cinchophen in humans ceased in the 1930s due to the discovery that it can cause serious liver damage.

Cinchophen, phenylcinchoninic acid, seems to have been discovered in 1887 by Doebner and Gieseke and to have been introduced into medicine under the trade name of atophan in 1908 by Nicolaier and Dohrn. Since that time it has been used extensively for gout as well as for other forms of arthritis and for the relief of pain of all types. Use of Cinchophen in humans ceased in the 1930s due to the discovery that it can cause serious liver damage.

Sesamin is the most prominent lignan compound found in sesame seeds, one of the two highest sources of lignans in the human diet (the other being flax). Sesamin is catered to be a nutritional supplement that confers antioxidant and antiinflammatory effects (if touting its health properties) or possibly being an estrogen receptor modulator and fat burner (if targeting atheltes or persons wishing to lose weight). Sesamin has a few mechanisms, and when looking at it holistically it can be summed up as a fatty acid metabolism modifier. It appears to inhibit an enzyme known as delta-5-desaturase (Δ5-desaturase) which is a rate-limiting enzyme in fatty acid metabolism; inhibiting this enzyme results in lower levels of both eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, one of the two fish oil fatty acids) as well as arachidonic acid, and this mechanism appears to be relevant following oral ingestion. The other main mechanism is inhibiting a process known as Tocopherol-ω-hydroxylation, which is the rate limiting step in the metabolism of Vitamin E; by inhibiting this enzyme, sesamin causes a relative increase of vitamin E in the body but particularly those of the gamma subset (γ-tocopherol and γ-tocotrienol) and this mechanism has also been confirmed to be active following oral ingestion. Sesamin is a potent and specific inhibitor of delta 5 desaturase in polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis. Sesamin inhibits a particular CYP3A enzymes that is involved in vitamin E metabolism, where the enzyme initially ω-hydroxylates vitamin E (required step) and then the rest of vitamin E is subject to fat oxidation. By inhibiting this step, sesamin causes an increase in circulating and organ concentrations of vitamin E. Sesamin is thought to have PPARα activating potential in the liver, but it is uncertain how much practical relevance this has in humans due to this being a mechanism that differs between species.

Borneol, a monoterpenoid alcohol, is a component of many essential oils. Barneol occurs in nature as a single enantiomer (d- or l-, depending on the oil type) or, less frequently, as the racemate. Several studies have proved the effectiveness of borneol. In Chinese medicines borneol has been used in relieving symptoms of anxiety, fatigue and insomnia; inducing anesthesia and analgesia to alleviate abdominal pain, wounds and burns; relieving rheumatic pain, hemorrhoids, skin diseases and ulcerations of the mouth, ears, eyes or nose; to treat sore throats and skin infections, and is mainly used to treat cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Borneol has a significant therapeutic effect on neuralgia. This compound is considered a GRAS approved by the FDA as food flavor. Additionally, borneol is a fragrance ingredient. GABAA, TRPV3, TRPM8 and TRPA1 have been identified as the molecular targets of borneol.

Borneol, a monoterpenoid alcohol, is a component of many essential oils. Barneol occurs in nature as a single enantiomer (d- or l-, depending on the oil type) or, less frequently, as the racemate. Several studies have proved the effectiveness of borneol. In Chinese medicines borneol has been used in relieving symptoms of anxiety, fatigue and insomnia; inducing anesthesia and analgesia to alleviate abdominal pain, wounds and burns; relieving rheumatic pain, hemorrhoids, skin diseases and ulcerations of the mouth, ears, eyes or nose; to treat sore throats and skin infections, and is mainly used to treat cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Borneol has a significant therapeutic effect on neuralgia. This compound is considered a GRAS approved by the FDA as food flavor. Additionally, borneol is a fragrance ingredient. GABAA, TRPV3, TRPM8 and TRPA1 have been identified as the molecular targets of borneol.

Parabens are widely used preservatives in basic necessities such as cosmetic and pharmaceutical products. It was found, that butylparaben has estrogenic and antiandrogenic properties and is known to reduce sperm counts in rats following perinatal exposure. In addition was observed, that butylparaben exerted endocrine disrupting effects on both male and female offspring. In 2009-2010, 80 pregnant women from Ottawa Canada participated in the Plastics and Personal-Care Product Use in Pregnancy (P4) Study. Women kept a diary of products that they used 24 h prior to and during the collection. All parabens measured in maternal urine had moderate to high reproducibility. Women who used lotions in the past 24 h had significantly higher geometric mean paraben concentrations (80-110%) in their urine than women who reported no use in the past 24 h. Women who used shampoo, conditioner, and cosmetics also showed 70-80% higher butylparaben concentrations in their urine.

Ornidazole is nitroimidazole derivative. It is an antiprotozoal drug that has proven to be effective against Trichomonas vaginalis, Entoamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia and Helicobacter pylori. The reduction of the nitro group and the generation of short-lived reactive intermediates are the basis of its parasiticidal activity. Ornidazole is a DNA-tropic drug with selective activity against microorganisms with enzyme systems capable of reducing the nitrogroup and catalyze the interaction between ferrodoxin proteins and nitrocompounds. After the drug penetrates the microbial cell, the mechanism of its action is based reducing the nitrogroup under the influence of the microorganism’s nitroreductases and the activity of the reduced nitroimidazole. The reduction products create compounds with DNA causing it to degrade, and disrupt the DNA replication and transcription processes. Furthermore, the drug’s metabolism products have cytotoxic properties and disrupt cellular respiration processes. It is indicated for the treatment of anaerobic systemic infections caused by ornidazole-sensitive microflora, prevention of infections caused by anaerobic bacteria, during operative treatment (especially middle and straight intestine surgeries), gynecological surgeries, severe intestinal ameobiasis, all extra-intestinal ameobiasis forms, giardiasis. Ornidazole was shown to be effective for the prevention of recurrence of Crohn's disease after ileocolonic resection.

Higenamine HCl (norcoclaurine) is a plant-based alkaloid widely used as nutritional supplement in food and beverage industries. It exists in variety of plants including Tinospora crispa, Nandina domestica, Gnetum Parvifolium C.Y. Cheng, sarum Heterotropoides, Nelumbo nucifera. It was initially isolated from Aconitum and identified as the active cardiotonic component of this medicinal plant used as local and traditional medicines in many Asian regions for the treatment of various diseases such as collapse, syncope, painful joints, oedema, bronchial asthma etc. Various pharmacological properties and potentially multi-spectral medical applications of higenamine have been reviled in many in vitro and in vivo studies conducted in animals and humans. Pharmacological properties of higenamine include positive inotropic and chronotropic effect, activating slow channel effect, vascular and tracheal relaxation effect, anti-thrombotic, anti-apoptotic and anti-oxidative effect, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effect. Studies on higenamine showed potential therapeutic effects for diseases like heart failure, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), shock, arthritis, asthma, ischemia/reperfusion injuries and erectile dysfunction. Higenamine has been tested as a candidate of pharmacologic stress agent in the detection of coronary artery diseases (CADs) in human clinical studies in China. In animal models, higenamine has been demonstrated to be a β2 adrenoreceptor agonist. It partly exerts its actions by the activation of adenylate cyclase, responsible for boosting the cellular concentrations of the adrenergic second messenger, cAMP. Via a beta-adrenoceptor mechanism higenamine, induced relaxation in rat corpus cavernosum, leading to improved vasodilation and erectile function. Related to improved vasodilatory signals, higenamine has been shown to possess antiplatelet and antithrombotic activity via a cAMP-dependent pathway, suggesting it may contribute to enhanced vasodilation and arterial integrity. Anti-apoptotic and cardiac protective effects of higenamine were shown to be mediated by the β2-AR/PI3K/AKT cascade. Higenamine is marketed as a dietary supplement for weight loss and sport performance, and is added to many fat burning supplements. Along with many other β2 agonists, higenamine is prohibited by World Anti-Doping Agency for use in sports.

Hymecromone (4-methylumbelliferone) is already approved drug in Europe and Asia where it is used to treat biliary spasm. It is used as choleretic and antispasmodic drugs and as a standard for the fluorometric determination of enzyme activity. The concomitant administration of Hymecromone with products, containing metoclopramide, leads to mutual decrease of their action. Due to a danger of diarrhea with subsequent hypokalemia, Hymecromone should be applied with caution to patients on cardiac glycosides therapy (in these cases the sensitivity to them is increased). Hymecromone can be administered simultaneously with otherspasmolytics and analgesics. Very rare allergic reactions, itching, erythema, rashes; diarrhea which normally disappears by reduction of dose or discontinuance of therapy.