Nigericin is an antibiotic derived from Streptomyces “Nig-1”. It is the potassium ionophore and H+/K+ exchanger. It is shown to be highly effective as an ionophore for Pb(2+). Thus, nigericin may be more useful than monensin in the treatment of Pb intoxication. Nigericin induced mitochondrial membrane hyperpolarization. Malignant characteristics of human glioma cells were markedly suppressed by nigericin treatment in vivo. Nigericin induces cell death and promotes the maturation and release of IL-1beta in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-primed monocytes and macrophages. The mechanism of induction of apoptosis by nigericin is most probably to decrease intracellular pH.

Hypotaurine (2-aminoethane sulinic acid) is the immediate precursor of taurine (2-aminoethane sulfonic acid) which is one of the most abundant free amino acids in the central nervous system. Although hypotaurine and taurine are mainly supplied from blood plasma across the blood-brain barrier in the brain, they are also synthesized from cysteine and cysteamine by astrocytes and neurons. Hypotaurine acts as an endogenous neurotransmitter via action on the glycine receptors. It was shown, that hypotaurine might be used as an effective therapeutics for orofacial pain. Also in vitro studies were conducted to show that hypotaurine activates hypoxia signaling through the competitive inhibition of prolyl hydroxylase domain-2. Moreover, was made a suggestion, that the hypotaurine metabolic pathway may provide a potential new target for glioblastoma diagnosis and therapy.

N-palmitoyl glycine, an endogenous lipid that acts as a modulator of calcium influx and nitric oxide production in sensory neurons. N-palmitoyl glycine is used in cosmetic under the brand name TIMECODE™ for deep wrinkles and helps relieve chronic silent inflammation, increases micro-circulation due to poor oxygenation and lack of nutrients. This product is also recommended for sensitive skin and for tired skin.

Shikimic acid (SA), an active metabolite of polyphenol-rich food intake, originally extracted from Illicium verum Hook. fil. is an indispensable starting material for the synthesis of the antiviral drug oseltamivir and others useful compounds. In the biological studies, SA has been reported to have anti-inflammatory, analgesia, antioxidant, antithrombotic, and antibacterial activities. SA can play an important role in reducing platelet activation, aggregation related thrombus formation and biomarkers of thrombogenesis in sedentary individuals. In addition, was investigated antibacterial activity of SA against S. aureus, which could be caused by the interactions of SA with S. aureus membrane proteins and lipids, resulting in causing cell membrane dysfunction and bacterial damage or even death.

3-Phenyl-1-propanol is a fragrance ingredient used in many compounds. It may be found in fragrances used in decorative cosmetics, fine fragrances, shampoos, toilet soaps and other toiletries as well as in non-cosmetic products such as household cleaners and detergents. It is a colorless slightly oily liquid, possessing a warm and mild, balsamic-floral, sweet odor of moderate tenacity. This material has been reported to occur in nature, with highest quantities observed in Guava and Feyoa. The worldwide volume of use for 3-phenyl-1-propanol is in the region of 100–1000 metric tons per year. 3-Phenyl-1-propanol was used to study the hydrogenation of trans-cinnamaldehyde using water-soluble organometallic complexes. It was used as starting reagent during the enantioselective synthesis of (S)- and (R)-dapoxetine.

Apiole (1-allyl-2,5-dimethoxy-3,4-methylenedioxybenzene) is a phenylpropene, also known as apiol, parsley apiol or parsley camphor, found in the essential oils of celery leaf and all parts of parsley. Apiole and various preparations of parsley have been used for many years to procure the illegal abortion in Italy. Post-abortive vaginal bleeding, sometimes profuse, is a feature of these cases. A cumulative effect is apparent, parsley apiole being taken daily for between two and eight days before either death or abortion ensued. The lowest daily dose of apiole which induced abortion was 0.9 g taken for eight consecutive days. Parsley apiole is toxic in humans; the lowest total dose of apiole causing death is 4.2 g (2.1 g/day for 2 days) the lowest fatal daily dose is 770 mg, which was taken for 14 days; the lowest single fatal dose is 8 g.

In calcium pidolate, the calcium ion is bound to two molecules of pyrrolidone carboxylic acid that act as protein supports. None of the calcium salts currently employed therapeutically (chloride, carbonate, lactate, gluconate, glucoheptonate, gluconolactate, gluconogalactogluconate, lactobionate, etc.) contain a protein support. Calcium pidolate is the only drug in which the calcium is transported by a protein substrate that is directly assimilable and specific to the body's bony matrix. Calcium pidolate can help the body's own calcium in performing its two primary roles: in any adverse changes in bony tissue during its growth, during bone ageing or traumatic bone lesions, Calcium pidolate can provide both a protein framework and a mineral source, as regards various metabolic functions of calcium, calcium pidolate have demonstrated that the substance is perfectly absorbed and distributed throughout various tissues and that it stimulates numerous hormonal and metabolic activities. In the treatment of various forms of osteoporosis with calcium pidolate, it is used curatively.

Disodiurn salt of Arsonoacetic acid has been used in veterinary to treat anaplasmosis (babesiasis); as general stimulant in nervous disease; for eclampsia of bitches, and with adjuncts in chronic eczema and follicular mange. Arsonoacetic acid has not featured much in human medicine, a Chinese patent however, was filed in 2003 for arsonoacetic acid and its methyl or ethyl derivatives as chemotherapeutic drugs again liver cancer.

Linalool, (-)- is one of enantiomers of Linalool and a fragrance ingredient used in decorative cosmetics, fine fragrances, shampoos, toilet soaps and other toiletries as well as in non-cosmetic products such as household cleaners and detergents. The maximum skin level that results from the use of l-linalool in formulae that go into fine fragrances has been reported to be 0.31%, assuming use of the fragrance oil at levels up to 20% in the final product. Linalool is used by pest professionals as a flea, fruit fly, and cockroach insecticide. It can also be used a method of pest control for codling moths. Linalool creates a synergistic effect with the codling moth's pheromone called codlemone, which increases the attraction of males. Linalool can be absorbed by inhalation of its aerosol and by oral intake or skin absorption, potentially causing irritation, pain and allergic reactions.

Keracyanin (antirrhinin) is the pigment originally isolated from the fruit of the cherry. The compound exerts potent antioxidant properties. It is able to inhibit host- and bacteria-derived proteinases. Dietary supplementation with purified keracyanin suppresses body weight gain in high-fat diet fed mice.