Fluphenazine is a trifluoro-methyl phenothiazine derivative intended for the management of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. Fluphenazine has not been shown effective in the management of behaviorial complications in patients with mental retardation. Fluphenazine blocks postsynaptic mesolimbic dopaminergic D1 and D2 receptors in the brain; depresses the release of hypothalamic and hypophyseal hormones and is believed to depress the reticular activating system thus affecting basal metabolism, body temperature, wakefulness, vasomotor tone, and emesis.

Oxymorphone is an analgesic that is FDA approved for the treatment of moderate to severe pain. It is also indicated for relief of anxiety in patients with dyspnea associated with pulmonary edema secondary to acute left ventricular dysfunction. Oxymorphone (brand names Opana, Numorphan, Numorphone) is a full opioid agonist and is relatively selective for the mu-opioid receptor, although it can bind to other opioid receptors at higher doses. Adverse reactions (≥ 2% of patients): seen with the immediate release tablet formulation Nausea, pyrexia, somnolence, vomiting, pruritus, headache, dizziness, constipation, and confusion. Concomitant use with serotonergic drugs may result in serotonin syndrome. Avoid use of mixed agonist/antagonist and partial agonist opioid analgesics with Opana because they may reduce analgesic effect of Opana or precipitate withdrawal symptoms.

Echothiophate is a potent, long-acting irreversible cholinesterase inhibitor used as an ocular hypertensive in the treatment of glaucoma. Occasionally used for accomodative esotropia. Echothiophate iodide for ophthalmic solution will depress both plasma and erythrocyte cholinesterase levels in most patients after a few weeks of eye drop therapy by binding irreversibly to cholinesterase, and thus long acting due to the slow rate of hydrolysis by cholinesterase. It causes miosis, increase in facility of outflow of aqueous humor, fall in intraocular pressure, and potentiation of accommodation.

Trimethobenzamide (trade names Tebamide, Tigan) is an antiemetic used to prevent nausea and vomiting. Trimethobenzamide is an antagonist of the D2 receptor, that affects the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) of the medulla oblongata to suppress nausea and vomiting. The oral bioavailability of trimethobenzamide is 60% to 100%. The time to peak is about 45 minutes after oral administration and; I.M. about 30 minutes after intramuscular administration. The onset action of trimethobenzamide for antiemetic effects is 10-40 minutes after oral administration and; 15-35 minutes after intramuscular administration. The duration of action is 3-4 hours. Trimethobenzamide is generally considered the most potent antiemetic that does not have effects on the serotonergic, dopaminergic, or histaminergic systems, so it has a lower likelihood of causing undesired side effects. Possible side effects include drowsiness, dizziness, headache, diarrhea, muscle cramps, and blurred vision. More serious adverse effects include skin rash, tremors, parkinsonism, and jaundice.

N,N’N’-triethylenethiophosphoramide (ThioTEPA) is a cancer chemotherapeutic member of the alkylating agent group, now in use for over 50 years. It is a stable derivative of N,N’,N’’- triethylenephosphoramide (TEPA). The radiomimetic action of thiotepa is believed to occur through the release of ethylenimine radicals which, like irradiation, disrupt the bonds of DNA. One of the principal bond disruptions is initiated by alkylation of guanine at the N-7 position, which severs the linkage between the purine base and the sugar and liberates alkylated guanines. Thiotepa has been used in the palliation of a wide variety of neoplastic diseases. The more consistent results have been seen in: adenocarcinoma of the breast, adenocarcinoma of the ovary, superficial papillary carcinoma of the urinary bladder and for controlling intracavitary effusions secondary to diffuse or localized neoplastic diseases of various serosal cavities.

Trifluoperazine (Eskazinyl, Eskazine, Jatroneural, Modalina, Stelazine, Terfluzine, Trifluoperaz, Triftazin) is a typical antipsychotic of the phenothiazine chemical class used for the short-term treatment of certain types of anxiety. Trifluoperazine blocks postsynaptic mesolimbic dopaminergic D1 and D2 receptors in the brain; depresses the release of hypothalamic and hypophyseal hormones and is believed to depress the reticular activating system thus affecting basal metabolism, body temperature, wakefulness, vasomotor tone, and emesis. The primary application of trifluoperazine is for schizophrenia. Other official indications may vary country by country, but generally, it is also indicated for use in agitation and patients with behavioral problems, severe nausea, and vomiting as well as severe anxiety. Trials have shown a moderate benefit of this drug in patients with borderline personality disorder. A 2004 meta-analysis of the studies on trifluoperazine found that it is more likely than placebo to cause extrapyramidal side effects such as akathisia, dystonia, and Parkinsonism. It is also more likely to cause somnolence and anticholinergic side effects such as red-eye and xerostomia (dry mouth).

Demeclocycline hydrochloride is an antibiotic isolated from a mutant strain of Streptomyces aureofaciens. It inhibits protein synthesis by binding with the 30S and possibly the 50S ribosomal subunit(s) of susceptible bacteria. Demeclocycline has antimicrobial activity against a wide range of gram-negative and gram-positive organisms. Demeclocycline is indicated in the treatment of infections caused by susceptible strains of the designated microorganisms. Demeclocycline is currently used to treat hyponatremia in patients with the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH). Demeclocycline mainly attenuates hyponatremia in SIADH by reducing adenylate cyclase 5/6 expression and, consequently, cAMP generation, AQP2 gene transcription, and AQP2 abundance in the renal inner medulla, coinciding with a reduced vasopressin escape response in other collecting duct segments.

A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant whose mechanism of action is not completely understood but may be related to its sedative actions. Carisoprodol is indicated for the relief of discomfort associated with acute, painful musculoskeletal conditions in adults. Most common adverse reactions (incidence > 2%) are drowsiness, dizziness, and headache. Carisoprodol might be mixtured with Aspirin and Codeine Phosphate. Studies indicating increased risk of abuse or addiction led to withdrawal of the drug from the market in Norway and other EU countries in 2008.

Griseofulvin is a mycotoxic metabolic product of Penicillium spp. It was the first available oral agent for the treatment of dermatophytoses and has now been used for more than forty years. Griseofulvin is fungistatic with in vitro activity against various species of Microsporum Epidermophyton, and Trichophyton. It has no effect on bacteria or on other genera of fungi. Following oral administration, griseofulvin is deposited in the keratin precursor cells and has a greater affinity for diseased tissue. The drug is tightly bound to the new keratin which becomes highly resistant to fungal invasions. Once the keratin-Griseofulvin complex reaches the skin site of action, it binds to fungal microtubules (tubulin) thus altering fungal mitosis. Griseofulvin is fungistatic, however the exact mechanism by which it inhibits the growth of dermatophytes is not clear. It is thought to inhibit fungal cell mitosis and nuclear acid synthesis. It also binds to and interferes with the function of spindle and cytoplasmic microtubules by binding to alpha and beta tubulin. It binds to keratin in human cells, then once it reaches the fungal site of action, it binds to fungal microtubes thus altering the fungal process of mitosis.

Isocarboxazid (Marplan, Marplon, Enerzer) is a non-selective, irreversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) of the hydrazine class used as an antidepressant. In vivo and in vitro studies demonstrated inhibition of MAO in the brain, heart, and liver. Depression is a complicated disease that is not fully understood. It is thought that depression may be linked to an imbalance of chemicals within the brain. When depression occurs, there may be a decrease in the amount of chemicals released from nerve cells in the brain. These chemicals are called monoamines. Monoamines are broken down by a chemical called monoamine oxidase. Isocarboxazid prevents monoamine oxidase from breaking down the monoamines. This results in an increased amount of active monoamines in the brain. By increasing the amount of monoamines in the brain, the imbalance of chemicals thought to be caused by depression is altered. This helps relieve the symptoms of depression. Isocarboxazid works by irreversibly blocking the action of a chemical substance known as monoamine oxidase (MAO) in the nervous system. MAO subtypes A and B are involved in the metabolism of serotonin and catecholamine neurotransmitters such as epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine. Isocarboxazid, as a nonselective MAO inhibitor, binds irreversibly to monoamine oxidase–A (MAO-A) and monoamine oxidase–B (MAO-B). The reduced MAO activity results in an increased concentration of these neurotransmitters in storage sites throughout the central nervous system (CNS) and sympathetic nervous system. This increased availability of one or more monoamines is the basis for the antidepressant activity of MAO inhibitors. May be used to treat major depressive disorder.