Pirenzepine is a M1 muscarinic receptor antagonist, which is prescribed for the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcer in Europe. The drug preferentially acts on the gastric mucosa to inhibit secretion of both gastric acid and pepsin. Experiment with healthy volunteers demonstrated that pirenzepine passes the blood-brain barrier, but only to a small extent.

Beclabuvir (previously known as BMS-791325), a potent, non-nucleoside inhibitor of the HCV NS5B RNA polymerase. In combination with daclatasvir and asunaprevir drug participates in clinical trials phase III for patients infected with HCV genotype 1, which is the most common genotype worldwide. Recently published data has shown that this combination achieved very high rates of viral eradication.

Benzoclidine (Oxylidin) exerts tranquilizing and hypotensive actions. It reduces the excitability of the central nervous system, enhances the effect of hypnotic drugs, analgesics and local anesthetics, has a moderate antihypertensive effect, reduces the excitability of the vasomotor centers, has anti-arrhythmic activity. Benzoclidine is marke indicated for the treatment of anxiety and depression of various origins (particularly mild expressed and associated with cerebrovascular insufficiency), neurosis, personality disorder, cyclothymia, hypertension with cerebral disorders, sinus tachycardia, paroxysmal tachycardia.

(R)-3'-hydroxybutyl (R)-3'-hydroxybutyrate or D-β-hydroxybutyrate ester is a is an effective and palatable precursor to the ketone body. Ketone bodies are the most energy-efficient fuel and yield more ATP per mole of substrate than pyruvate and increase the free energy released from ATP hydrolysis. Ketone diet containing (R)-3-hydroxybutyl (R)-3-hydroxybutyrate, improved physical performance and cognitive function in rats, and its energy-sparing properties suggest that it may help to treat a range of human conditions with metabolic abnormalities. It may be used to treat a condition which is caused by, exacerbated by or associated with elevated plasma levels of free fatty acids in a human or animal subject, for instance a condition where weight loss or weight gain is implicated, or to promote alertness or improve cognitive function, or to treat, prevent or reduce the effects of, neurodegeneration, free radical toxicity, hypoxic conditions or hyperglycaemia. It has been approved by the FDA as “Generally Regarded as Safe (GRAS)”.

Gastrodin is the main bioactive component of Gastrodia elata Blume (G. elata). Tian Ma Su Zhu She Ye (contains Gastrodin) It is an extensively used in the clinical practice of traditional Chinese medicine, to treat neurasthenia, neurasthenia syndrome, angioneurotic headache disorder, traumatic brain syndrome, vertigo meniere disease, medicinal with dizziness, vertigo, sudden deafness, vestibular neuronitis, vertebral basilar artery blood supply deficiency, etc. Apart from traditional claims, scientific reports support the antioxidative, anticonvulsive, antiinflammatory, antiepileptic, antiobesity, anxiolytic, and learning and memory improvements in activities of gastrodin

Sodium 1-Naphthaleneacetate (SODIUM 1-NAPHTHALENEACETATE) is a plant growth regulator. It has being shown that root application of certain concentration of sodium naphthalene acetate (SNA) could promote the growth of tomato seedlings by increasing the tomato root activity, protective enzymes activity, Pn and regulating endogenous hormone concentration under suboptimum temperature and light condition.

Alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG), an endogenous intermediary metabolite in the Krebs cycle, is a molecule involved in multiple metabolic and cellular pathways. As an intermediate of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, AKG is essential for the oxidation of fatty acids, amino acids, and glucose. Extracellular AKG is a significant source of energy for cells of the gastrointestinal tract. As a precursor for the synthesis of glutamate and glutamine in multiple tissues (including liver, skeletal muscle, heart, brain, and white adipose tissue), AKG bridges carbohydrate and nitrogen metabolism for both conservation of amino acids and ammonia detoxification. Additionally, emerging evidence shows that AKG is a regulator of gene expression and cell signaling pathways (including the mammalian target of rapamycin and AMPactivated protein kinase). Thus, AKG is an attractive dietary supplement in animal and human nutrition to improve cellular energy status, immunity, and health.AKG can decrease protein catabolism and increase protein synthesis to enhance bone tissue formation in the skeletal muscles and can be used in clinical applications. In addition to these health benefits, a recent study has shown that AKG can extend the lifespan of adult Caenorhabditis elegans by inhibiting ATP synthase and TOR. Orally, AKG is used for kidney disease, gastrointestinal disorders, bacterial overgrowth, intestinal toxemia, liver dysfunction, and chronic candidiasis. It is also used for improving peak athletic performance, improving amino acid metabolism in hemodialysis patients, and cataracts. Intravenously, AKG is used for preventing ischemic injury during heart surgery, improving renal blood flow after heart surgery, and preventing muscle protein depletion after surgery or trauma.

Abanoquil (UK-52,046), an antiarrhythmic drug, is an alpha 1-adrenoceptor antagonist, has been studied for the treatment of erectile dysfunction.

Indoprofen is one of several NSAIDs that have been withdrawn from the market due to causing severe gastrointestinal bleeding. The UK Licensing Authority suspended the product license on grounds of safety in 1983 and in 1984 the Italian manufacturers decided to withdraw it from the world market. The UK decision was taken because there was a high rate of adverse drug reactions in a voluntary postmarketing surveillance study and the spontaneous adverse reaction reporting system had noted 217 serious adverse effects, mainly gastrointestinal bleeding and perforation.

Acetylleucine is a drug that is used for symptomatic treatment of acute vestibular vertigo and dizziness. Its pharmacodynamics are not fully understood. The hypothesis is that it restores the membrane potential, via an interaction with membrane phospholipids on the injured side of vestibular neurons mainly in the thalamus or parietal region of the cortex. Clinical trials on animals showed an improvement in locomotor balance after forced rotation or unilateral vestibular neurotomy. Acetylleucine has a marketing authorisation in France although there is no evidence of its efficacy on human. Acetylleucine neither reduced the nausea associated with this provocative stimulus, nor hastened the acquisition or retention of vestibular habituation of motion sickness and nystagmus.