Lifarizine is a use- and voltage-dependent antagonist of human voltage sensitive sodium currents. Lifarizine inhibited both the plateau and the spike phases of the Ca2+ increases suggesting that, in addition to its known sodium channel blocking properties, it may also inhibit more than one class of calcium channel in the synaptosomes. Lifarizine reduced both infarct area and volume in the mouse with middle cerebral artery occlusion. Lifarizine was in phase II for the treatment of stroke but this investigation was discontinued.

Fipamezole is a fluorine substituted imidazole compound with high antagonist specificity for the presynaptic alpha2-adrenoceptor. There were no significant differences between the affinity of Fipamezole for the different subtypes, thus characterizing Fipamezole as a non-subtype–selective alpha2 antagonist. Fipamezole had been in phase III clinical trials for the treatment of dyskinesia associated with Parkinson’s disease. Detected side effects are hypertension, nausea, vomiting, dysgeusia, facial flushing.

Detorubicin is a semi-synthetic derivative of the anthracycline antineoplastic antibiotic. It intercalates into DNA and interacts with topoisomerase II, thereby inhibiting DNA replication and repair and RNA and protein synthesis. This agent also produces toxic free-radical intermediates and interacts with cell membrane lipids causing lipid peroxidation. Detorubicin is less toxic than daunorubicin. Although it showed some clinical activity, the drug appeared to have no particular advantage over doxorubicin except for demonstrated activity against malignant melanoma. Unfortunately, detorubicin clearly has cardiac toxicity – in clinical trial, one patient developed congestive heart failure and other patients revealed endomyocardial biopsy evidence of cardiac toxicity.

CKD-516 is a prodrug of the tubulin binding agent S516, with potential tubulin-inhibiting, vascular-disrupting, and antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, tubulin polymerization inhibitor CKD-516 is converted into its active metabolite S-516, which binds to tubulin and prevents its polymerization in tumor blood vessel endothelial cells and tumor cells. This blocks the formation of the mitotic spindle and leads to cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase. As a result, this agent disrupts the tumor vasculature and tumor blood flow, deprives tumor cells of nutrients and induces tumor cell apoptosis. In addition, this agent has a direct cytotoxic effect on tumor cells by inhibiting tubulin polymerization. CKD-516 is developed by a Korean company Chong Kun Dang Pharmaceutical Corp. and is investigated in a phase 1/2a clinical trial for the treatment of colorectal cancer in combination with Irinotecan.

Domazoline is anticholinergic agent. It is antazoline derivative. Domazoline is antihistaminic, local vasoconstrictor and nasal decongestant. As a hair stiffener, it was used in depilatory preparations.

Dexverapamil (R-verapamil) is an enantiomer of verapamil. R-isomer behaved as an inhibitor of multidrug-resistant protein MRP1 (involved in the cancer cell multidrug resistance phenotype). It was developed by Knoll (BASF Pharma) as a chemosensitiser and/or modulator of multidrug resistance for use in combination with cancer chemotherapy. Dexverapamil was undergoing phase II clinical studies in France, Italy, Spain, United Kingdom and the US in patients with various cancers. It was also undergoing phase I clinical trials in Japan where it was licensed to Mitsui and Mitsui Toatsu Chemicals. However, development was discontinued. Dexverapamil (R-verapamil) has been developing by AGI therapeutics for the treatment of Irritable bowel syndrome however development was discontinued.

Carcainium is phenylcarbamoylmethyl derivative with local anesthetic and potent anti-tussive activity. In preclinical studies Carcainium significantly reduced the spontaneous and histamine-evoked discharges in Aδ-fibres originating from airway, rapidly adapting stretch receptors (RARs) without affecting histamine-evoked bronchoconstriction. Acute pre-treatment of guinea-pigs with aerosols of Carcainium prevent of capsaicin-evoked and citric acid-induced coughs.

BMS-833923 was discovered by Exelixis and was out-licensed to Bristol-Myers Squibb. BMS-833923 is an orally bioavailable Smoothened antagonist. BMS-833923 reduces hedgehog pathway activity, decreases cell proliferation and induces apoptosis via the intrinsic pathway in esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) cell lines. BMS-833923 dose-dependently affects canonical and prostate hedgehog signature gene transcription in vitro. BMS-833923 is in phase II clinical trials for the treatment of chronic myeloid leukaemia.

Clanobutin is a choleretic drug. It increases the secretion of bile by hepatocytes. Clanobutin sodium has been introduced as a choleretic and digestant agent for animals. It has been used in all domestic animals in which enhancement of digestion and all associated secretory processes are indicated. Clanobutin was reported to induce a demonstrable increase in the secretory activity of the exocrine digestive glands and in the excretion of the bile.