Imazapyr is the International Organization for Standardization–approved name of 2-[(RS)-4-isopropyl-4-methyl-5-oxo-2-imidazolin-2-yl]nicotinic acid (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry), with Chemical Abstracts Service No. 81334-34-1. Imazapyr is a herbicide used for the control of grasses and broadleaf weeds in a variety of crops, including major uses in soya bean, sunflower, rice, maize, sugar cane, rape, wheat and non-crop areas such as vegetation management and forestry and minor uses in tobacco and oil palm. Imazapyr is absorbed quickly through plant tissue and can be taken up by roots. It is translocated in the xylem and phloem to the meristematic tissues. Imazapyr kills weeds by inhibiting the activity of the plant-specific enzyme acetohydroxyacid synthase, which catalyses the production of three branched-chain amino acids (valine, leucine and isoleucine) required for protein synthesis and cell growth. The rate of plant death is usually slow (several weeks) and is likely related to the amount of stored amino acids available to the plant. Only plants have acetohydroxyacid synthase and therefore, imazapyr is of low toxicity to animals (including fish and insects).

Calotropin is an pharmacologically active compound isolated from Asclepias curasavica L. Whereas calotropin possesses cytotoxicity against several cancer cells, the mechanisms of action remain unclear. Calotropin inhibits the Wnt signaling pathway by increasing CK1α protein levels.

Calycanthine is the principal alkaloid of the family Calycanthaceae. Calycanthine is a central nervous system toxin, causing convulsions in animals. Calycanthine may mediate its convulsant action predominantly by inhibiting the release of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA as a result of interactions with L-type Ca(2+) channels and by inhibiting GABA-mediated chloride currents at GABA(A) receptors.

Deoxynivalenol (DON) is one of several mycotoxins produced by certain Fusarium species that frequently infect corn, wheat, oats, barley, rice, and other grains in the field or during storage. DON-induced activation of the p44/42 ERK signaling pathway inhibits the expression of claudin-4 protein, which leads to impaired intestinal barrier function. Given the high levels of DON in cereal grains, these observations of impaired barrier function have implications for human and animal health.

Tralkoxydim (2-[1-(ethoxyimino)propyl]-3-hydroxy-5- mesitylcyclohex-2-enone; International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) is a cyclohexanedione oxime postemergent herbicide that is produced and marketed by Zeneca Agrochemicals (now Syngenta, Basel, Switzerland). Tralkoxydim is used for the control of grass weeds in cereals and is now registered in approximately 30 countries around the world. The mode of action of tralkoxydim in plants is inhibition of the activity of acetyl–coenzyme A carboxylase. In North America, tralkoxydim is sold under the trade name Achievet (Syngenta, Greensboro, NC, USA), which is applied mainly for the control of wild oats (Avena fatua) and green foxtail (Setaria viridis) in wheat and barley crops.

Alfuzosin, a quinazoline derivative, acts as a selective and competitive antagonist of alpha 1-adrenoceptor-mediated contraction of prostatic, prostatic capsule, bladder base and proximal urethral smooth muscle, thereby reducing the tone of these structures. Consequently, urethral pressure and resistance, bladder outlet resistance, bladder instability and symptoms associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia are reduced. The two enantiomers (S and R) have the same pharmacological activity as the racemate. Ligand binding and functional studies demonstrate that the alpha1-antagonist properties of alfuzosin reside equally in its two enantiomers. Racemic alfuzosin is indicated for the symptomatic treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia and adjunctive therapy in acute urinary retention.

Alfuzosin, a quinazoline derivative, acts as a selective and competitive antagonist of alpha 1-adrenoceptor-mediated contraction of prostatic, prostatic capsule, bladder base and proximal urethral smooth muscle, thereby reducing the tone of these structures. Consequently, urethral pressure and resistance, bladder outlet resistance, bladder instability and symptoms associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia are reduced. The two enantiomers (S and R) have the same pharmacological activity as the racemate. Ligand binding and functional studies demonstrate that the alpha1-antagonist properties of alfuzosin reside equally in its two enantiomers. Racemic alfuzosin is indicated for the symptomatic treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia and adjunctive therapy in acute urinary retention.

CYCLAZOSIN HYDROCHLORIDE is a quinazoline derivative pharmacologically characterized as putative a1B-adrenoceptor antagonist.

Quinovin is a glucoside isolated from bark of Cortex chinae and Mitragyna stipulosa. Quinovin is a mixture of three glycosides, 60% A (Quinovic acid b-D-quinovoside), 5% B (Cincholic acid b-D-quinovoside) and 30% C (Quinovic acid b-D-glucoside). Quinovine was shown to inhibit PDE1 from snake venom in submillimolar concentrations.

Deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside (DON-3-glucoside) is a deoxynivalenol (DON) plant conjugate that is widely found in cereal products. D3G was also was detected when Trichoderma was confronted with F. graminearum. D3G is not toxic by itself but may pose a risk of gut health through its reconversion into its parent mycotoxin DON.