Saccharin is the most established of the artificial sweeteners on the market, this mixture of dextrose and saccharin has been in use for over a century and is found in diet versions of soft drinks. It is 300-500 times sweeter than sugar and contains zero calories. In 1977, the FDA tried to ban its use after evidence showed it caused cancer in rats. Extensive lobbying by the diet food industry allowed products to stay on the shelves as long as they carried warnings about the cancer risks in animals. This warning was removed in 2001 when the Calorie Control Council insisted the link between animal and human cancers could not automatically be made. Consumption of saccharin-sweetened products can benefit diabetics as the substance goes directly through the human digestive system without being digested. While saccharin has no food energy, it can trigger the release of insulin in humans due to its sweet taste. The T1R2/R3 sweet taste receptor exist on the surface of pancreatic beta cells. Saccharin is a unique in that it inhibits glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) at submaximal and maximal glucose concentrations, with the other sweeteners having no effect. Investigation of saccharin’s dose-response characteristics showed that concentrations of 0.1 and 0.5 mM stimulated insulin secretion, while concentrations of 1 and 2.5 mM inhibited insulin secretion. Saccharin’s effect on insulin secretion was shown to be reversible in INS-1 832/13 clonal pancreatic beta cells after chronic exposure to 1 mM saccharin. Artificial sweeteners may affect insulin secretion via interaction with the sweet taste receptor, also saccharin may affect other cellular processes linked to insulin secretion, and that these effects are both time- and concentration-dependent

Lead(II) acetate is a white crystalline chemical compound with a sweetish taste. Lead(II) acetate is used as a mordant in textile printing and dyeing, as a drier in paints and varnishes, and in preparing other lead compounds. It was historically used as a sweetener and for cosmetics.

Silver iodide is an inorganic compound with the formula AgI. It is used as a photosensitive agent in photography, as a local antiseptic, as a chemical intermediate, and in cloud seeding for rain-making. The major hazards encountered in the use and handling of silver iodide stem from its toxicologic properties. Effects from exposure may include skin rashes, conjunctivitis, argyria (a permanent ashen-gray discoloration of skin, conjunctiva, and internal organs), headache, fever, hypersensitivity, laryngitis, and bronchitis.

Oleic acid is an unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. Oleic acid occurs naturally in various animal and vegetable fats and oils. It is a component of the normal human diet as a part of animal fats and vegetable oils. Oleic acid may be responsible for the hypotensive (blood pressure reducing) effects of olive oil. Oleic acid has being shown to have a potential anticancer activity.

Disodium aspartate is used in organic biosynthesis.

Butacaine is a local anesthetic. It should not be used with people who have a history of allergies due to the possibility of anaphylactic shock.

Disodium Cupric Citrate is citric acid salt with marked antioxidant activity. Disodium Cupric Citrate is one of the various forms in which the micronutrient copper is supplied in a fertiliser. Cupric supplementation at pharmacological doses beyond the recommendations of National Research Council has been widely applied in the feed industry to improve pig performance. Dietary Cupric Citrate supplementation enhanced growth performance in weaned pigs.

Disodium Cupric Citrate is citric acid salt with marked antioxidant activity. Disodium Cupric Citrate is one of the various forms in which the micronutrient copper is supplied in a fertiliser. Cupric supplementation at pharmacological doses beyond the recommendations of National Research Council has been widely applied in the feed industry to improve pig performance. Dietary Cupric Citrate supplementation enhanced growth performance in weaned pigs.

Phenacaine (UNII: V3M4D317W8) also known as holocaine is a local anesthetic used in ophthalmic medicine. Like other local anesthetics it inhibits the specific calmodulin-dependent stimulation of erythrocyte Ca2+-ATPase (ATP phosphohydrolase) and cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide 5'-nucleotidohydrolase) from brain and heart. Basal activities of these enzymes in the absence of calmodulin are relatively unaffected by concentrations of local anesthetics that strongly inhibit the specific stimulation by calmodulin. Increasing calmodulin, but not Ca2+, overcomes the inhibitory action of the local anesthetics on brain phosphodiesterase. However, excess calmodulin does not fully restore activity of erythrocyte CA2+-stimulated ATPase. Although the mechanism(s) by which the local anesthetics act is unclear, they inhibit binding of 125I-labeled calmodulin to the erythrocyte membrane. Antagonism of calmodulin provides a molecular mechanism that may explain the inhibition of many Ca2+-dependent cellular processes by local anesthetics--e.g., Ca2+ transport, exocytosis, excitation-contraction coupling, non-muscle-cell motility, and aggregation. Phenacaine hydrochloride is registered by FDA as an anorectal drug product and is in the list of OTC active ingredients. The Ointment Ophthalmic Holocaine and Epinephrine (1.5% phenacaine hydrochloride) were distributed by National Drug Co., a corporation, Philadelphia, Pa. and in 1939 and was alleged to be misbranded since it contained less phenacaine hydrochloride than indicated by the labeling.

Phenacaine (UNII: V3M4D317W8) also known as holocaine is a local anesthetic used in ophthalmic medicine. Like other local anesthetics it inhibits the specific calmodulin-dependent stimulation of erythrocyte Ca2+-ATPase (ATP phosphohydrolase) and cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide 5'-nucleotidohydrolase) from brain and heart. Basal activities of these enzymes in the absence of calmodulin are relatively unaffected by concentrations of local anesthetics that strongly inhibit the specific stimulation by calmodulin. Increasing calmodulin, but not Ca2+, overcomes the inhibitory action of the local anesthetics on brain phosphodiesterase. However, excess calmodulin does not fully restore activity of erythrocyte CA2+-stimulated ATPase. Although the mechanism(s) by which the local anesthetics act is unclear, they inhibit binding of 125I-labeled calmodulin to the erythrocyte membrane. Antagonism of calmodulin provides a molecular mechanism that may explain the inhibition of many Ca2+-dependent cellular processes by local anesthetics--e.g., Ca2+ transport, exocytosis, excitation-contraction coupling, non-muscle-cell motility, and aggregation. Phenacaine hydrochloride is registered by FDA as an anorectal drug product and is in the list of OTC active ingredients. The Ointment Ophthalmic Holocaine and Epinephrine (1.5% phenacaine hydrochloride) were distributed by National Drug Co., a corporation, Philadelphia, Pa. and in 1939 and was alleged to be misbranded since it contained less phenacaine hydrochloride than indicated by the labeling.