There is no information about pharmacological and biological application of vanadium pentoxide (V2O5). However, inhalation of this substance is a toxic for mammalian and repeated exposures to V2O5 containing particles may augment lung carcinogenesis in susceptible individuals through oxidative stress mediated pathways.

Cedrol is a sesquiterpene alcohol found in the essential oil of conifers (cedar oil), especially in the genera Cupressus (cypress) and Juniperus (juniper). It has also been identified in Origanum onites, a plant related to oregano. Cedrol is a fragrance ingredient used in decorative cosmetics, fine fragrances, shampoos, toilet soaps and other toiletries as well as in non-cosmetic products such as household cleaners and detergents. Its use worldwide is in the region of 1–10 metric tonnes per annum. The maximum skin level in formulae that go into fine fragrances has been reported to be 1.51% assuming use of the fragrance oil at levels up to 20% in the final product. The 97.5 percentile use level in formulae for use in cosmetics in general has been reported to be 1.3%, which would result in a maximum daily exposure on the skin of 0.0331 mg/kg for high end users of these products. Finding the natural source of this compound might help to elucidate why Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles arabiensis prefer to lay eggs in habitats containing it. Cedrol is the first compound confirmed as an oviposition attractant for gravid An. gambiae s.l. This finding paves the way for developing new ‘attract and kill strategies’ for malaria vector control.

N-ethyl-2-pyrrolidone (NEP) is a colourless and highly polar liquid. It can be used as a highly effective selected solvent, catalyst and cationic surfactant in industry (e.g. coatings). NEP has been shown to display a spectrum of developmental toxic and teratogenic effects in rodents after oral administration. The oral LD50 of NEP in rats was reported to be 1.36 g/kg. The two postulated NEP metabolites 5-hydroxy-N-ethyl-2-pyrrolidone (5-HNEP) and 2-hydroxy-N ethylsuccinimide (2-HESI) have recently been detected in urine samples from the general population.

Urea sulfate is used as a desiccant and defoliant and functions as a cell membrane disruptor. It is used to kill bacteria on potatoes, in milking equipment, and within food processing areas. The herbicide is non-toxic to animals and birds. It is a severe skin and eye irritant.

ETHYL MENTHANE CARBOXAMIDE, 1R,3R,4S (1R,3R,4S-WS-3) is an enantiomer of WS-3 that is characterized by a high physiological sensation of "cooling" with no side effects such as burning, stinging or tingling. In the case of WS-3, the suppliers often do not specify optical purity, but it was indicated, in general, that compounds in the all equatorial form (like menthol) are preferred and that WS-3 with the 1R,3R,4S form (like (-)-menthol) should be optimal in cooling aspects.

Diethylene glycol monomethyl ether is a ether-alcohol derivative. The ether being relatively unreactive. Flammable and/or toxic gases are generated by the combination of alcohols with alkali metals, nitrides, and strong reducing agents. They react with oxoacids and carboxylic acids to form esters plus water. Oxidizing agents convert alcohols to aldehydes or ketones. Alcohols exhibit both weak acid and weak base behavior. They may initiate the polymerization of isocyanates and epoxides. Diethylene glycol monomethyl ether (DEGME) is sold by Dow under the tradename Methyl CARBITOL™ solvent. DEGME is an ethylene-series or E-series glycol ether. It is primarily used as a de-icing additive for aviation fuel.

Cytosine is a pyrimidine nucleobase, one of the five main bases of nucleic acids. In DNA and RNA cytosine is paired with guanine. Only small amounts of cytosine administered with food are incorporated in DNA. The majority of cytosine is synthesized de-novo starting from carbamoyl phosphate.

Magnesium palmitate is an anticaking and vicosity controlling agent. Magnesium palmitate is also used for the preparation of growth media.

Arachidic acid, also known as eicosanoic, is a component of wild soybean. It is a saturated fatty acid, which is used for the production of detergents and lubricants, and was discovered to modulate expression of cyclooxygenase-2, an enzyme pivotal to skin inflammation and reparation.

Calenduloside E (3-O-[beta-d-glucuronopyranosyl]oleanolic acid), the glucuronic acid conjugate of oleanolic acid, is a triterpenoid saponin present in a wide variety of Aralia plants, in which the content of calenduloside E is about 0.02%. A number of studies of the biological activity of calenduloside E has been reported since its first isolation by Kasprzyk and Wojciechowski. These studies indicate that calenduloside E has hypoglycemic activity and is potentially useful in the treatment of diabetes and morbid obesity. It may also be useful as a spermicidal contraceptive and as an antiarrhythmic agent. Because of its wide-ranging biological activity and low toxicity, the potential clinical use of calenduloside E has attracted much attention in recent years. Furthermore, its active metabolite, oleanolic acid, has been shown to possess analgesic, antiinflammatory, hepatoprotective, antitumor and hypolipidemic effects as well as having hypoglycemic activity.