Stigmasterol (also known as Wulzen anti-stiffness factor) is a plant sterol, or phytosterol. Recent investigation discovered that this compound could be new promising anti- Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus agent.

Aflatoxin B1 is a very potent carcinogen produced by Aspergillus flavus and related fungi that grow on improperly stored food such as corn, rice, and peanuts. Dietary exposure to aflatoxin B1 is associated with an increased incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma, especially given co-infection with hepatitis B virus. Mechanism of carcinogenicity involves metabolic activation to aflatoxin B1-8,9 exo-epoxide by cytochrome p450 and formation of adducts with guanine DNA base.

Epinine or deoxyepinephrine is an active form of Ibopamine, which is used as a cardiovascular agent in congestive heart failure. Epinine is a stimulant of alpha-adrenoceptor activities: alpha-1 and alpha-2. Experiments on pig’s eyes have shown that epinine can be a promising candidate substance for intraoperative (e.g., cataract surgery) intracameral use in humans.

Galactitol (dulcitol) is a sugar alcohol, the reduction product of galactose. Galactitol is known to be the major toxic metabolites of galactose. Deficiency of any one of three possible enzymes involved in the metabolism of galactose: galactokinase, transferase or epimerase results in galactosemia. Any single deficient enzyme can result in cataract through the accumulation of galactitol in the lens. Accumulation of galactose and galactitol within the lens cells leads to an increase in intracellular osmotic pressure and an influx of fluid in the lens. Kinoshita was the first to demonstrate the hyperosmotic effects of intracellular sorbitol or galactitol accumulation and to postulate that the resulting cellular swelling can lead to increased membrane permeability and a series of complex biochemical changes associated with sugar cataract formation. The excretion of abnormal quantities of galactitol in the urine of galactosemia patients is characteristic of this disorder. A patent claims galactitol as carrier for the therapeutic agent since galactitol enhances the chemical and physical stability of the drug and allows faster reconstitution of the formulation in water than mannitol.

Chlorothalonil (2,4,5,6-tetrachloroisophthalonitrile) is an organic compound mainly used as a broad spectrum, nonsystemic fungicide, with other uses as a wood protectant, pesticide, acaricide, and to control mold, mildew, bacteria, algae. Chlorothalonil reduces fungal intracellular glutathione molecules to alternate forms which cannot participate in essential enzymatic reactions, ultimately leading to cell death. Chlorothalonil is slightly toxic to mammals, but it can cause severe eye and skin irritation in certain formulations. Very high doses may cause a loss of muscle coordination, rapid breathing, nose bleeding, vomiting, and hyperactivity. Dermatitis, vaginal bleeding, bright yellow and/or bloody urine, and kidney tumors may also occur, followed by death. In a number of tests of varying lengths of time, rats which were fed a range of doses of chlorothalonil generally showed no effects on physical appearance, behavior, or survival. Kidney changes such as kidney enlargement were common. In the US, chlorothalonil is used predominantly on peanuts (about 34% of usage), potatoes (about 12%), and tomatoes (about 7%), though the EPA recognizes its use on many other crops. It is also used on golf courses and lawns (about 10%) and as a preservative additive in some paints (about 13%), resins, emulsions, and coatings. Chlorothalonil is commercially available in many different formulations and delivery methods. It is applied as a dust, dry or water-soluble grains, a wettable powder, a liquid spray, a fog, and a dip. It may be applied by hand, by ground sprayer, or by aircraft

Among the naturally occurring trichothecenes in food and feed, T-2 toxin is a cytotoxic fungal secondary metabolite produced by various species of Fusarium. Following ingestion, T-2 toxin causes acute and chronic toxicity and induces apoptosis in the immune system and fetal tissues. T-2 toxin is usually metabolized and eliminated after ingestion, yielding more than 20 metabolites. Consequently, there is a possibility of human consumption of animal products contaminated with T-2 toxin and its metabolites. The molecular mechanism of inhibition of protein synthesis may be the high affinity of T-2 toxin for the 60S ribosomal subunit.

Bicuculline is a phthalide-isoquinoline compound that is a light-sensitive competitive antagonist of GABAA receptors. It was originally identified in 1932 in plant alkaloid extracts and has been isolated from Dicentra cucullaria, Adlumia fungosa, Fumariaceae, and several Corydalis species. Since it blocks the inhibitory action of GABA receptors, the action of bicuculline mimics epilepsy. This property is utilized in laboratories across the world in the in vitro study of epilepsy, generally in hippocampal or cortical neurons in prepared brain slices from rodents. This compound is also routinely used to isolate glutamatergic (excitatory amino acid) receptor function.

There is a little information around sancycline. It is known, that it was synthesized by Conover and co-workers in 1962 and it was antibacterial compound. It was proposed that sancycline binds to the 30S of bacterial ribosomal subunit and inhibiting protein translation by blocking entry of aminoacyl-tRNA into the ribosome A site.

Dieldrin is an organochlorine pesticide belonging to the class of substances which are known to have a toxic effect on various physiological systems of the human body. Despite an imposed ban on their manufacture and commercial use, these pesticides can still be detected in high probability areas of consumption such as agriculture land. Dieldrin has been epidemiologically associated with an increased risk for Parkinson's disease (PD). Early studies identifying dieldrin as an antiandrogen estrogen mimetic have been contradicted by more recent studies which do not show any estrogenic activity.

Rumenic acid is the major conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), probably because of successive desaturation and chain elongation and can be considered as the principal dietary form. In experiments on rodents was shown that rumenic acid possessed the protective effect against colitis, which was associated with the activation of the Nrf2 pathway.