Pravadoline is the anti-nociceptive agent, which has analgesic efficacy against postoperative pain in humans. Pravadoline inhibits the enzyme cyclooxygenase, but in contrast to cyclooxygenase-inhibiting NSAIDs does not produce gastrointestinal irritation. Pravadoline inhibited the synthesis of prostaglandins in mouse brain both in vitro and ex vivo. Pravadoline demonstrated only weak anti-inflammatory activity relative to its anti-nociceptive potency. Single doses of pravadoline were safe and effective in humans, without serious adverse events. Single oral administration of pravadoline maleate induced acute tubular necrosis in male and female beagle dogs.

Verticine is a steroidal alkaloid compound extracted from the Fritillaria species of medicinal plants. Verticine was not only able to block the Nav1.7 ion channel but also preferably inhibited the Kv1.3 ion channel. It inhibits the production of inflammatory cytokines induced by LPS through blocking MAPKs and NF-κB signaling pathways. Verticine inhibited the hERG peak tail currents in a concentration dependent manner. Verticine exhibits anti-inflammatory, antitussive, antihypertensive and pain suppression properties.

Sinigrin is a glucosinolate that is found in plants of the Brassicaceae family. It is enzymatically degraded to allyl isothiocyanate which is responsible for the taste of mustard and horseradish. Allyl isothiocyanate has been identified as having anti-cancer effects; although sinigrin, itself, is not bioactive. Sinigrin has also been shown to have anti-inflammatory activity, antibacterial activity, antifungal activity, antioxidant activity, and wound healing activity.

Escin Ia and isoescin Ia have been traditionally used clinically as the chief active ingredients of escin, a major triterpene saponin isolated from horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum) seeds for the treatment of chronic venous insufficiency, hemorrhoids, inflammation and edema. The interconversion of escin Ia and isoescin Ia when given alone indicates that administration of one isomer leads to exposure to the other.

Songorine is a diterpenoid alkaloid which can be isolated from the genus Aconitum. Songorin has demonstrated anti-inflammatory, anti-anxiolytic and the ability to promote wound healing. The Anti-anxiolytic properties appear to be linked to the agonistic activity of the Dopamine D2 receptor as shown in rat hippocampal slices. The wound healing effect is the result of songorine's ability to stimulate the development of mesenchymal progenitor cells, although the exact mechanism of action remains unclear.

Gallein is an inhibitor of G protein beta gamma subunit signaling. It exerts antineoplastic action in vitro and anti-inflammatory action in vivo. Gallein may be used in histological staining.

Napelline is a diterpenoid alkaloid, from plants of the Aconitum genus, Ranunculaceae. It is a potent antiarrhythmic of class I with weak hypotensive and N-cholinoblocking effects. Napelline has analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity. Napelline has a stronger antiarrhythmic activity than Quinidine or Procaïnamide. 10(-4) - 10(-5) M block inward Na+ currents

BAY 61-3606 is a potent inhibitor of spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) which is playing essential roles in receptors for Fc portion of immunoglobulins and B cell receptor complex signaling in various inflammatory cells. In addition, BAY61-3606 could inhibit the inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B kinase (IKK-alpha) kinase activity. The compound is able to inhibit neoplastic phenotype of leukemia cells as well as of colon and breast cancer cells in vitro. BAY 61-3606 also exrets antiinflammatory and antiallergic properties in animal models.

Neochlorogenic acid is a natural polyphenolic compound which can be found in a variety of plant sources and especially some types of dried fruit. It is an epimer of chlorogenic acid. Neochlorogenic has been investigated as a chemopreventative dietary compound for breast cancer and collorectal cancer. It has in-vitro anti-inflammatory properties, and may be responsible for the laxative effect fo prunes. Research surrounding neochlorgenic acid has often involved various plant extracts, rather than pure preparations of the compound.

Anethole is a flavoring agent in foods and beverages; in perfumery, particularly for soap and dentifrices. The more abundant isomer, and the one preferred for use, is the trans- or E isomer. It is distinctly sweet, measuring 13 times sweeter than sugar. Anethole has potent antimicrobial properties, against bacteria, yeast, and fungi. Anethole also has nematicidal activity and is a promising insecticide. Several essential oils consisting mostly of anethole have insecticidal action. Anethole has estrogenic activity. It is slightly toxic and may act as an irritant in large quantities.