S-Adenosylmethionine (often referred to as SAMe) is a methyl donor and a cofactor for enzyme-catalyzed methylations, including catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) and DNA methyltransferases (DNMT). Although present in all cells, it is concentrated in liver where 85% of all methylation reactions occur. SAM is anti-apoptotic in normal hepatocytes and normal colon epithelial cells but pro-apoptotic in liver human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), HepG2 cells and colon cancer cells. Because of structural instability, stable salt forms of SAM are required for its use as an oral drug. The commonly used salts: tosylate, butanedisulfonate, disulfate tosylate, disulfate ditosylate, and disulfate monotosylate. SAMe has been marketed in some European countries since the mid-1980s for the treatment of depression and for other medical conditions such as osteoarthritis (joint disease that causes joint pain and stiffness), fibromyalgia (widespread pain and stiffness). In addition, it is used to treat liver disease and migraine headaches. However, it is not formally approved in the UK for the treatment of depression, and in the USA, it is classified only as a dietary supplement. Some research suggests that it is more effective than placebo in treating mild-to-moderate depression and is just as effective as antidepressant medications without the side effects (headaches, sleeplessness, and sexual dysfunction). In addition, antidepressants tend to take 6 to 8 weeks to begin working, while It seems to begin more quickly. Researchers are not sure how SAMe works to relieve depression. But they speculate it might increase the amount of serotonin in the brain just as some antidepressants do. Many studies have examined injectable forms of SAMe, not oral supplements.

Benzoclidine (Oxylidin) exerts tranquilizing and hypotensive actions. It reduces the excitability of the central nervous system, enhances the effect of hypnotic drugs, analgesics and local anesthetics, has a moderate antihypertensive effect, reduces the excitability of the vasomotor centers, has anti-arrhythmic activity. Benzoclidine is marke indicated for the treatment of anxiety and depression of various origins (particularly mild expressed and associated with cerebrovascular insufficiency), neurosis, personality disorder, cyclothymia, hypertension with cerebral disorders, sinus tachycardia, paroxysmal tachycardia.

S-Adenosylmethionine (often referred to as SAMe) is a methyl donor and a cofactor for enzyme-catalyzed methylations, including catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) and DNA methyltransferases (DNMT). Although present in all cells, it is concentrated in liver where 85% of all methylation reactions occur. SAM is anti-apoptotic in normal hepatocytes and normal colon epithelial cells but pro-apoptotic in liver human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), HepG2 cells and colon cancer cells. Because of structural instability, stable salt forms of SAM are required for its use as an oral drug. The commonly used salts: tosylate, butanedisulfonate, disulfate tosylate, disulfate ditosylate, and disulfate monotosylate. SAMe has been marketed in some European countries since the mid-1980s for the treatment of depression and for other medical conditions such as osteoarthritis (joint disease that causes joint pain and stiffness), fibromyalgia (widespread pain and stiffness). In addition, it is used to treat liver disease and migraine headaches. However, it is not formally approved in the UK for the treatment of depression, and in the USA, it is classified only as a dietary supplement. Some research suggests that it is more effective than placebo in treating mild-to-moderate depression and is just as effective as antidepressant medications without the side effects (headaches, sleeplessness, and sexual dysfunction). In addition, antidepressants tend to take 6 to 8 weeks to begin working, while It seems to begin more quickly. Researchers are not sure how SAMe works to relieve depression. But they speculate it might increase the amount of serotonin in the brain just as some antidepressants do. Many studies have examined injectable forms of SAMe, not oral supplements.

Melitracen (HCl) is a tricyclic antidepressant with actions and effects similar to amitriptyline.Melitracen (HCl) is given orally in the treatment of depression. It should be withdrawn gradually to reduce the risk of withdrawl symptoms. Melitracen (HCl) is primarily indicated in conditions like Anxiety, Asthenia, Depression, gastro-intestinal disorders associated with anxiety and agitation. Melitracen is marketed in Europe and Japan by Lundbeck and Takeda, respectively, for the treatment of depression and anxiety. In addition to single drug preparations, it is also available as Deanxit, a combination product containing both melitracen and flupentixol. The way this drug works hasn’t been thoroughly researched, but some hypothesize that it may work similarly to the drugs Imipramine and Amitriptyline. In comparison to older TCAs, this drug is thought to work more quickly with more favorable side effects.

Picamilon (also known as N-nicotinoyl-GABA, Pycamilon, and Pikamilon) is a drug formed by a synthetic combination of niacin and GABA. It was developed in the Soviet Union in 1969 and further studied in both Russia and Japan as a prodrug of GABA. Picamilon permeated the blood-brain barrier and then is hydrolyzed into GABA and niacin. The released GABA, in theory, would activate GABA receptors potentially producing an anxiolytic response. The second released component, niacin, is a vasodilator. Today picamilon is sold in Russia as a prescription drug and is used for the treatment of a variety of illnesses and disorders, ranging from depression to a migraine, neuro infections, senile psychosis, certain types of glaucoma, and even acute alcohol intoxication. As of 2015, the FDA classified picamilon as a substance that does not meet the requirements of a dietary supplement and is therefore no longer permitted to be sold in the United States.

Pipofezine (Azafen or Azaphen) is a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) approved in Russia for the treatment of depression. It was introduced in the late 1960s and is still used today. Pipofezine has been shown to act as a potent inhibitor of the reuptake of serotonin. In addition to its antidepressant action, pipofezine has sedative effects as well, suggesting antihistamine activity. Other properties such as anticholinergic or antiadrenergic actions are less clear but are likely. The main advantage of Azafen compared with other tricyclic antidepressants is that this drug has a low toxic effect on the body, including the heart, and it does not block cholinergic receptors and does not change the activity of monoamine oxidase. The maximum concentration in the blood is reached after 1-2 hours after taking the drug. Absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, metabolism occurs in the liver, and is excreted by Azaphene kidneys.

Metralindole (Inkazan) is a reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase A (RIMA) which was used in Russia as an antidepressant. Inkasan (3-methyl-8-methoxy-3H, 1,2,5,6- tetrahydropyrazine /1.2.3-ab/-beta-carboline hydrochloride) has pharmacological properties characteristic of antidepressants. The clinical antidepressant effect of inkasan is combined with stimulating action. The drug is primarily indicated for patients in whom adynamic (anergic) disturbances are predominant in the clinical picture of depression.

Setiptiline Maleate is a tetracyclic antidepressant that has been used in the treatment of depression. It has antihistamine and hypnotic–sedative effects, but almost no anticholinergic effects. It is a weak inhibitor of norepinephrine reuptake in vitro and strongly stimulates the release of central norepinephrine by blocking presynaptic α2-adrenoceptors similar to mianserin. It also acts as a 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C, and 5-HT3 receptor antagonist. Unlike most conventional antidepressants, it has no efficacy as a serotonin reuptake inhibitor. It can induce drowsiness and thirst, but it displays low toxicity. Setiptiline Maleate was launched in 1989 for the treatment of depression in Japan.

Flupenthixol is a thioxanthene antipsychotic used in the treatment of schizophrenia and other psychoses, with the exception of mania and psychomotor hyperactivity due to an activating effect associated with this drug. It may also be employed as an antidepressant. Flupenthixol has a wide range of pharmacological actions. Flupenthixol blocks dopaminergic receptors, thus interfering with dopaminergic transmission in the brain. Flupenthixol also inhibits serotonin 5-HT, histamine H1, muscarinic and alpha-1 adrenergic receptors.

Butriptyline is a tricyclic antidepressant used in patients with depression associated with anxiety. The drug is supposed to be withdrawn from the market as the last publication about its clinical use is dated by 1988.