Purpurogallin (2,3,4,5 tetrahydroxybenzo[7]annulen 6 one) is a benzotropolone containing the natural product, which occurs in the nut gall of Quercus spp. Purpurogallin is synthesized by the chemical oxidation of pyrogallol and has been shown to have biological properties, such as hydroxyl radical scavenging properties and to protect erythrocytes against lysis induced by peroxyl radicals. Purpurogallin can inhibit 2-hydroxy and 4-hydroxyestradiol methylation by catechol-O-methyltransferase, human immunodeficiency virus 1, integrase and prolyl endopeptidases. In addition, purpurogallin has also been known to have anticancer activities through the inhibition of the DNA synthesis of tumor cells (20), tyrosine-specific protein kinases and the interaction between Bcl xL and BH3 peptides. A number of studies have reported the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of purpurogallin (15,23 27); however, the actual molecular mechanisms involving signal transduction cascades underlying the purpurogallin induced anti-inflammatory effects have not yet been elucidated.

Malvidin is a polyphenolic anthocyanin. Anthocyanins are flavonoids widely distributed in fruits and vegetables. Malvidin exhibits antiproliferative, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory bioactivities. It is able to inhibit cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase-5. Malvidin exhibited bimodal activities serving as breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) substrate at low concentrations and, at higher concentrations, as BCRP inhibitor.

Sinapic acid is one of the most common hydroxycinnamic acids and is widespread in the plant kingdom. It has been identified in various fruits, vegetables, cereal grains, oilseed crops, some spices, and medicinal plants. Sinapic acid and its derivatives possess antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer and anti-anxiety activities.

4-Methylesculetin is one of the coumarin derivatives with great anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. This molecule has been shown non-toxic effects and a promising potentiality to treat inflammatory diseases, especially those related to reactive oxygen species (ROS). 4-Methylesculetin (4-ME) causes the relaxation or inhibits the Angiotensin II (ATN 2) induced contraction in the smooth muscle, mediated by prostacyclin release. 4-methylesculetin showed similar efficacy to that obtained with either prednisolone or sulphasalazine, both in the acute phase of colitis as well as following a curative protocol. The intestinal anti-inflammatory activity by 4-methylesculetin is likely related to its ability in reduce colonic oxidative stress and inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokine production.

Nonadecanoic acid is an odd-numbered long chain fatty acid, likely derived from bacterial or plant sources. Nonadecanoic acid has been found in ox fats and vegetable oils. It is also used by certain insects as a phermone. Nonadecanoic acid is a saturated fatty acid. It is an antiproliferative agent. Nonadecanoic acid inhibits cancer cell growth (IC50 = 68 uM, HL-60 cells). Energy source in vivo.

Magnesium perchlorate is a strong oxidizing agent. Magnesium perchlorate has been found to be an efficient catalyst for the synthesis of imines and phenylhydrazones by the reaction of carbonyl compounds with amines and phenylhydrazine in high yields at room temperatures and in short times. Magnesium perchlorate has being shown to be a radiosensitizer in in vitro radiolysis of nucleotides.

Stevia is the common word to refer to the plant stevia rebaudiana which is the sweetest of the stevia species of plants and historically used as a sweetening agent. Several studies have suggested that in addition to their sweetness, steviosides and their related compounds, including rebaudioside A and isosteviol, may offer additional therapeutic benefits. These benefits include anti-hyperglycaemic, anti-hypertensive, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, anti-diarrheal, diuretic, and immunomodulatory actions. Isosteviol inhibits DNA polymerases and human DNA topoisomerase II. It also retards growth of three different types of human cancer cells and inhibits inflammation induced by TPA. Isosteviol had been in phase II clinical trials for the treatment of Type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Ansamitocin P3, a structural analogue of maytansine, was isolated from Nocardia. Structurally maytansine and ansamitocin P3 are polyketide macrolactams differing in the acyl groups at the C3 position. Ansamitocin P-3 inhibited the polymerization of tubulin and depolymerized the once polymerized tubulin. Ansamitocin P3 exerts antitumour properties.

5-Fluoroorotic acid is a fluorinated derivative of the pyrimidine precursor orotic acid. 5-Fluoroorotic acid exert considerable antitumor activity against transplanted tumors in rats and mice. 5-Fluoroorotate shows increased cytotoxicity on ovarian carcinoma cell lines following encapsulation in liposomes. 5-Fluoroorotic acid is used in vitro in the positive selection of genetically transformed yeast cells.

Sanguinarine is a toxic polycyclic quaternary ammonium salt. It is extracted from some plants, including bloodroot (Sanguinaria canadensis), Mexican prickly poppy Argemone mexicana, Chelidonium majus and Macleaya cordata. Sanguinarine is a toxin that kills animal cells through its action on the Na+-K+-ATPase transmembrane protein. If applied to the skin, sanguinarine may cause a massive scab of dead flesh, called an eschar. For this reason, sanguinarine is termed an escharotic. Preliminary pre-clinical in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that sanguinarine causes apoptosis in human cancer cells, and recommend study of sanguinarine as a potential cancer treatment. Sanguinarine has been the subject of other medical fields as well. For instance, it has garnered interest as a chemical defense against microorganisms and viruses. Notably, experiments on human plaque accumulation in the presence of sanguinarine suggest the toxin may be effective against oral microbial isolates. However, no products containing sanguinarine are currently approved by the FDA for the treatment of cancer; the FDA warns that unapproved bloodroot preparations are ineffective and dangerous.