Flunitrazepam is an intermediate-acting benzodiazepine with general properties similar to those of diazepam. It is generally intended to be for short-term treatment for chronic or severe insomniacs who are unresponsive to other hypnotics. The main pharmacological effects of Flunitrazepam are the enhancement of GABA at the GABAA receptor. The physical effects of Flunitrazepam include sedation, muscle relaxation, decreased anxiety, and prevention of convulsions. It causes partial amnesia; individuals are unable to remember certain events that they experience while under the influence of the drug. Chronic use of Flunitrazepam can result in physical dependence and the appearance of a withdrawal syndrome when the drug is discontinued. Flunitrazepam impairs cognitive and psychomotor functions affecting reaction time and driving skill. The use of this drug in combination with alcohol is a particular concern as both central nervous system depressants potentiate each other's toxicity.

Luseogliflozin (TS-071), a derivative of a novel scaffold, C-phenyl 1-thio-D-glucitol, exhibited potent sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter (SGLT) 2 inhibition activity. Luseogliflozin exhibits a blood glucose lowering effect, excellent urinary glucose excretion properties, and promising pharmacokinetics profiles in animals. It showed good metabolic stability toward cryo-preserved human hepatic clearance, have acceptable human pharmacokinetics properties. Luseogliflozin [Lusefi(®) (Japan)] was developed by Taisho Pharmaceutical for the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The drug has received its first global approval for this indication in Japan, either as monotherapy or in combination with other antihyperglycaemic agents.

Silymarin, a plant-derived flavonoid from the plant Silybum marianum, is considered the most potential drug to treat almost all kind of liver diseases, particularly alcoholic liver disease, acute and chronic viral hepatitis and toxins-mediated liver dysfunctions. The main component of the silymarin complex is silybin, synonymous with silibinin, sometimes incorrectly called silybinin, which is a mixture of two diastereomers A and B in approximately 1:1 proportion. The drug possess hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity. The hepatoprotective effect is due to stimulation of synthesis of structural and functional proteins and phospholipids, as well as acceleration of the regeneration of hepatocytes. Antioxidant effect is determined by interaction of bioflavones with free radicals in the liver and its detoxication. In such manner the process of peroxidation of the lipids is interrupted and further liver destruction is prevented. Side effect is a mild laxative effect has occasionally been observed.

Rimonabant (also known as SR141716; trade names Acomplia, Zimulti) was an anorectic antiobesity drug that was first approved in Europe in 2006 but was withdrawn worldwide in 2008 due to serious psychiatric side effects. Rimonabant is an inverse agonist for the cannabinoid receptor CB1 and was the first drug approved in that class. There is considerable evidence that the endocannabinoid (endogenous cannabinoid) system plays a significant role in appetitive drive and associated behaviors. It is, therefore, reasonable to hypothesize that the attenuation of the activity of this system would have therapeutic benefit in treating disorders that might have a component of excess appetitive drive or over-activity of the endocannabinoid system, such as obesity, ethanol and other drug abuse, and a variety of central nervous system and other disorders. Data from clinical trials submitted to regulatory authorities showed that rimonabant caused depressive disorders or mood alterations in up to 10% of subjects and suicidal ideation in around 1%, and in Europe, it was contraindicated for people with any psychiatric disorder, including depressed or suicidal people. Additionally, nausea and upper respiratory tract infections were very common (occurring in more than 10% of people) adverse effects; common adverse effects (occurring in between 1% and 10% of people) included gastroenteritis, anxiety, irritability, insomnia and other sleep disorders, hot flushes, diarrhea, vomiting, dry or itchy skin, tendonitis, muscle cramps and spasms, fatigue, flu-like symptoms, and increased risk of falling.

Loxoprofen (INN) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug in the propionic acid derivatives group. It is marketed in Brazil, Mexico and Japan by Sankyo as its sodium salt, loxoprofen sodium, under the trade name Loxonin, Argentina as Oxeno and in India as Loxomac. It is available in these countries for oral administration, and a transdermal preparation was approved for sale in Japan on January 2006. It is usually used to treat rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. It is also used to reduce pain and inflammation after surgery, wounds and tooth removal, as well as to bring down fever or ease pain induced by acute inflammation of upper respiratory tract Loxoprofen is a prodrug. When administered orally, loxoprofen sodium hydrate is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract as an unchanged compound with only a modest gastric-mucosal irritation. It is then rapidly biotransformed into the active metabolite trans-OH form (SRS coordination) with a potent inhibitory effect on prostaglandin biosynthesis to exert its pharmacologic effects. Inhibition of prostaglandin biosynthesis constitutes the mechanism of action of this drug, the site of action being cyclooxygenase.

Roquinimex (Linomide, LS 2616) is a quinoline-3-carboxamide with pleiotropic immune modulating capacity and it has therapeutic effects in several experimental animal models of autoimmune diseases. Linomide has been evaluated in clinical trials for multiple sclerosis, and was indeed shown to have disease inhibitory effects. However, due to unexpected side effects recorded in patients treated with Linomide, premature termination of clinical trials was required. The basic mechanism(s) of action of Linomide in inducing beneficial effects in autoimmune diseases is still elusive. Some experimental evidence indicates that Linomide influences the regulation of the cytokine profile, resulting in the inhibition of autoimmune and inflammation pathologies. Roquinimex possesses potential antineoplastic activity. Roquinimex inhibits endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and basement membrane invasion; reduces the secretion of the angiogenic factor tumor necrosis factor alpha by tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs); and inhibits angiogenesis. Roquinimex was in phase III clinical trials with Pharmacia Corporation in Europe and the US for the treatment of multiple sclerosis.

Delamanid (OPC-67683, Deltyba™) is a nitro-dihydro-imidazooxazoles derivative. It is a mycolic acid biosynthesis inhibitor, an essential component of the cell wall of M. tuberculosis. Delamanid possess highly potent activity against tuberculosis, as shown by its exceptionally low minimum inhibitory concentration range in vitro and highly effective therapeutic activity at low doses in vivo. Delamanid has been developed by Otsuka Pharmaceutical for the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Delamanid received its first global approval for the treatment of MDR-TB in the European Union (EU), for use in combination with optimised background therapy. It is also under review for marketing in Japan for MDR-TB, the first drug application filed in Japan for this indication. Delamanid has been granted orphan drug status in both the EU and Japan.

Bioallethrin is a synthetic pyrethroid with fast knock-down activity against household pest insects. It is used in public health against mosquitoes, houseflies and cockroaches. Bioallethrin is a mixture of two of the allethrin isomers, [1R,trans;1R] and [1R,trans;1S] in an approximate ratio of 1:1. Bioallethrin is used as a component of spray for the treatment of pediculosis.

Dapivirine, an anti-retroviral (ARV)-based microbicide, is a substituted diaminopyrimidine (DAPY) derivative and a potent non-nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) with antiviral activity against HIV-1. Dapivirine showed high activity against wild-type and mutant HIV in in virto HIV models inhibiting a broad panel of HIV-1 isolates from different classes, including a wide range of NNRTI-resistant isolates. Developed by Janssen Sciences (formerly Tibotec Pharmaceuticals), dapivirine was initially tested as an oral treatment for HIV in a number of Phase I/II clinical trials. In 2014 the International Partnership for Microbicides (IPM) began its work on the monthly dapivirine ring. Phase I/II clinical trials in Africa, Europe and the United States proved that dapivirine is safe and well-tolerated. Phase III long-term safety and efficacy studies of the monthly dapivirine ring as part of IPM's Dapivirine Ring Licensure Program confirmed that the monthly dapivirine ring can safely help prevent HIV infection in women. In 2016 the ASPIRE Study reported a 27 percent reduction in HIV-1 acquisition with a trend toward greater protection in women over age 21 and no significant protection for women under age 21.

Iguratimod, a methanesulfonanilide, is an anti-inflammatory drug for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis that has been developed exclusively in Japan and China. It inhibits the production of immunoglobulins and various inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1, -6 and -8 and TNF), and exerts anabolic effects on bone metabolism by stimulating osteoblastic differentiation and inhibiting osteoclastogenesis. On the molecular level, it inhibits the nuclear transcription factor NF-κB but not its inhibitor, IκBα. In addition to these immunomodulatory and other long-lasting effects, iguratimod inhibits cyclooxygenase-2, which provides a synergistic short-term action against pain and inflammation. Efficacy and tolerability are comparable to salazosulfapyridine, and probably also to methotrexate. Combination with methotrexate is synergistic in patients with insufficient response to methotrexate and does not significantly increase adverse events.