Oteracil is an adjunct to antineoplastic therapy, used in combination with Gimeracil and Tegafur. Gimeracil/oteracil/tegafur combination is approved for the gastric cancer treatment. Oteracil is an orotate phosphoribosyltransferase (OPRT) inhibitor that decreases the activity of 5-fluorocil (tegafur is a prodrug of 5-fluorocil) in normal gastrointestinal mucosa.

Cefpirome is a semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, fourth-generation cephalosporin with antibacterial activity. Cefpirome binds to and inactivates penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) located on the inner membrane of the bacterial cell wall. PBPs are enzymes involved in the terminal stages of assembling the bacterial cell wall and in reshaping the cell wall during growth and division. Inactivation of PBPs interferes with the cross-linkage of peptidoglycan chains necessary for bacterial cell wall strength and rigidity. This results in the weakening of the bacterial cell wall and causes cell lysis. Cefpirome is an injectable extended-spectrum or 'fourth generation' cephalosporin. Its antibacterial activity encompasses many of the pathogens involved in hospital-acquired infections such as Enterobacteriaceae, methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative staphylococci and viridans group streptococci. Cefpirome also has in vitro activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae regardless of penicillin susceptibility. It is stable against most plasmid- and chromosome-mediated beta-lactamases, with the exception of the extended-spectrum plasmid-mediated SHV enzymes. Intravenous cefpirome 2g twice daily has shown clinical efficacy comparable to that of ceftazidime 2g 3 times daily in the treatment of hospitalised patients with moderate to severe infections. Clinical response and bacteriological eradication rates were similar in patients with severe pneumonia or septicaemia treated with either cefpirome or ceftazidime. Cefpirome appeared more effective than ceftazidime in the eradication of bacteria in patients with febrile neutropenia in 1 study; however, clinical response rates were similar in the 2 treatment groups. The tolerability of cefpirome appears similar to that of ceftazidime and other third generation cephalosporins, diarrhoea being the most frequently observed event. Thus, cefpirome is likely to be a valuable extended-spectrum agent for the treatment of severe infections. Cefpirome offers improved coverage against some Gram-positive pathogens and Enterobacteriaceae producing class I beta-lactamases compared with the third generation cephalosporins, although this has yet to be demonstrated in clinical trials.

Aptiganel (CNS 1102, Cerestat), a selective ligand with antagonized properties for the ion-channel site of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-channel complex, was developed as a neuroprotective agent for focal brain ischemia. However, in the clinical trials in patients with acute ischemic stroke aptiganel was not efficacious at either of the tested doses and may be harmful. That is why its further study was discontinued.

Aceclidine is a parasympathomimetic agent used in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma as topical eye drop solution. It is as a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor agonist with weak anticholinesterase activity. Acting directly on the motor end-plate (cholinergic nerve endings) it decreases intraocular pressure and mediates the contraction of iris muscle. Aceclidine increased outflow facility in human eyes in vitro by a direct stimulation of the outflow tissues in the absence of an intact ciliary muscle. This effect was biphasic, occurring at concentrations of 10 uM and lower with no effect at higher concentrations. Passed numerous clinical trials in Russia, France, Italy and other countries and was widely used in Europe but never been in clinical use in USA.

Talipexole is a D2 receptor agonist which was marketed in June 1996 in Japan for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Clinical trials with talipexole in patients with Parkinson's disease demonstrated statistically significant improvements from baseline for parkinsonian symptoms including akinesia, rigidity, tremor and gait disturbances.

Aceclidine is a parasympathomimetic agent used in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma as topical eye drop solution. It is as a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor agonist with weak anticholinesterase activity. Acting directly on the motor end-plate (cholinergic nerve endings) it decreases intraocular pressure and mediates the contraction of iris muscle. Aceclidine increased outflow facility in human eyes in vitro by a direct stimulation of the outflow tissues in the absence of an intact ciliary muscle. This effect was biphasic, occurring at concentrations of 10 uM and lower with no effect at higher concentrations. Passed numerous clinical trials in Russia, France, Italy and other countries and was widely used in Europe but never been in clinical use in USA.

Pixantrone is a novel anthracenedione. It is a weak inhibitor of topoisomerase II. Pixantrone directly alkylates DNA forming stable DNA adducts and cross-strand breaks. Pixuvri is approved for the treatment of adult patients with multiply relapsed or refractory aggressive Non-Hodgkin lymphomas. It is used for patients whose cancer does not respond or has returned after they have received other chemotherapy treatments. The most frequent AE were seen in the blood (mainly neutropaenia), gastrointestinal (nausea, abdominal pain, constipation) and respiratory systems (cough, dyspnea). No drug-drug interaction studies have been submitted and no drug interactions have been reported in human subjects

Pirmenol is an antiarrhythmic agent, which exhibits effects on the fast action potential similar to other class 1 membrane active antiarrhythmic agents. Pirmenol depresses not only the fast Na+ channel, but also others, such as the slow Ca2+ and K+ channels. Pirmenol had sevenfold lower affinity for glandular-type muscarinic receptors (M3) than for cardiac-type muscarinic receptors (M2). This medicine regulates disturbed pulse by acting on the cardiac muscle. Usually, used for treatment of tachyarrhythmia (ventricular). The most commonly reported adverse reactions include constipation, discomfort in stomach, difficulty in urination (urinary retention), headache, insomnia, bitterness in the mouth, nausea, dry mouth and palpitation. Lidocaine, procainamide and quinidine a greater degree of arrhythmia conversion occurred when dosed 15 min after pirmenol than when these agents were dosed alone.

Pirenzepine is a M1 muscarinic receptor antagonist, which is prescribed for the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcer in Europe. The drug preferentially acts on the gastric mucosa to inhibit secretion of both gastric acid and pepsin. Experiment with healthy volunteers demonstrated that pirenzepine passes the blood-brain barrier, but only to a small extent.

Procaterol is a beta2-adrenoreceptor agonist. It is a bronchodilator that may be administered orally or by aerosol inhalation for the treatment of dyspnea caused by bronchial asthma, chronic bronchitis, and pulmonary emphysema. The drug is not approved in the USA, but is available in Japan, Indonesia, and other countries worldwide.