Diosmin is a flavone indicated for the treatment of venous disease i.e., chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) including spider and varicose veins, leg swelling (edema), stasis dermatitis and venous ulcers. Diosmin is also used as a stand-alone or surgical adjunctive therapy in hemorrhoidal disease. There are extensive clinical trials that show diosmin improves all stages of venous disease including venous ulcers and improves quality of life. Diosmin prolongs the vasoconstrictor effect of norepinephrine on the vein wall, increasing venous tone, and therefore reducing venous capacitance, distensibility, and stasis. This increases the venous return and reduces venous hyperpressure present in patients suffering from CVI. Diosmin improves lymphatic drainage by increasing the frequency and intensity of lymphatic contractions, and by increasing the total number of functional lymphatic capillaries. Furthermore, diosmin with hesperidine decreases the diameter of lymphatic capillaries and the intralymphatic pressure. Diosmin reduces the expression of endothelial adhesion molecules (ICAM1, VCAM1), and inhibits the adhesion, migration, and activation of leukocytes at the capillary level. This leads to a reduction in the release of inflammatory mediators, principally oxygen free radicals, and prostaglandins (PGE2, PGF2a). Diosmin is currently a prescription medication in some European countries (under the Dio-PP, Venotec, Daflon etc. tradenames), and is sold as a nutritional supplement in the United States.

Glucametacin is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic agent. Glucametacin was compared with ketoprofen in a double-blind, crossover trial. The drugs were given in total daily doses of 420 mg glucametacin and 300 mg ketoprofen for 20 days to 30 patients with chronic arthropathies of an inflammatory or degenerative nature. Both drugs were well tolerated and resulted in significant improvements in a number of criteria of disease assessment. Although there were no significant differences between results seen with the two drugs, there appeared to be trends in favour of glucametacin in respect to both efficacy and tolerance.

Citrulline (name derived from citrullus, the Latin word for watermelon, from which it was first isolated) is an amino acid. It is made from ornithine and carbamoyl phosphate in one of the central reactions in the urea cycle. It is also produced from arginine as a by-product of the reaction catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase (NOS) family. Citrulline supplements have been claimed to promote energy levels, stimulate the immune system and help detoxify ammonia (a cell toxin). Citrulline is not involved in protein synthesis. Several pharmacokinetic studies have confirmed that citrulline is efficiently absorbed when administered orally. Oral citrulline could be used to deliver arginine to the systemic circulation or as a protein anabolic agent in specific clinical situations (for example in case of malnourishment), because recent data have suggested that citrulline, although not a component of proteins, stimulates protein synthesis in skeletal muscle through the mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway. Citrulline is converted to L-arginine by argininosuccinate synthase. L-arginine is in turn responsible for citrulline's therapeutic effects. Many of L-arginine's activities, including its possible anti-atherogenic actions, may be accounted for by its role as the precursor to nitric oxide (NO).

Styrene is used in the production of polystyrene plastics and resins, and in the synthesis of materials for ion exchange resins, and copolymer production. Styrene was originally extracted from the tree storax in 19th century. Its use in rubber production started at the beginning of the 20th century after in E.P. Heinmenn et al succeed in accelerating the polymerization of styrene to rubber in 1910. It is an oily colorless to yellow liquid found in many consumer products (plastic packaging, food containers, and household goods). Short-term exposure to styrene results in respiratory effects, eye irritation, and gastrointestinal effects. Long-term exposure has effects on the central nervous system. Exposure to styrene occurs due to emissions from building materials, consumer products, tobacco smoke, vehicle exhaust or occupational exposure during its industrial processing. Styrene is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen.

Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) is an enzyme required for the formation of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5-MTHF), a form of folate able to cross the blood-brain barrier and which is necessary as a substrate for the remethylation of homocysteine to methionine by methionine synthase. Patients with severe MTHFR deficiency cannot make 5-MTHF and have extremely low levels in the CSF. Only treatment with oral 5-MTHF given as calcium mefolinate resulted in an increase in CSF 5-MTHF.

Stearamine is an aliphatic amine intended for use in cosmetic formulations as antistatic agent. In cosmetics and personal care products, Lauramine and Stearamine have been used in hair preparations. Stearamine is also used as a corrosion-inhibiting boiler-water additive. Stearamine has antimicrobial properties. Stearylamine has been shown to prevent drug (lansoprazole) degradation and maintained drug stable in nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs). Stearamine is used as positive charge inducing agent in different pharmaceutical formulations. Thus, the presence of stearylamine reduced the permeability coefficient for the cationic species of the drugs by approximately an order of magnitude, but had no effect on the neutral species of the drugs. The efflux curves observed for both verapamil and prochlorperazine could be mathematically modeled by assuming that the primary influence of stearylamine was on the development of a positive surface charge density on the inner monolayer of the liposome. Taken in sum, these results indicate that stearylamine is effective at decreasing the leakage of cationic drugs from liposomes, and may prove to be a valuable component of liposomal drug formulations.