Alfadex also known as α-cyclodextrin, is used as an inactive ingredient in order to improve the water solubility of the different drugs, e.g. edex: is a sterile, pyrogen-free powder containing alprostadil in an alfadex inclusion complex. After intravenous infusion of radiolabeled α-cyclodextrin to healthy volunteers, the radiolabeled components were rapidly eliminated within 24-hours, urine accounting for 81-83% of radioactivity and feces for 0.1%. There was no evidence of significant accumulation of radiolabeled α-cyclodextrin in the body even after 7 days of repeated intravenous injection. After intracavernous administration in monkeys, radiolabeled α¬ cyclodextrin was rapidly distributed from the injection site with less than 0.1% of the dose remaining in the penis 1 hour after administration. There was no evidence of tissue retention of radiolabeled α-cyclodextrin in monkeys.

Oxibendazole is an anthelmintics drug which is used to protect against roundworms, strongyles, threadworms, pinworms and lungworm infestations in horses and other domestic pets. Oxibendazole causes degenerative alterations in the tegument and intestinal cells of the worm by binding to the colchicine-sensitive site of tubulin, thus inhibiting its polymerization or assembly into microtubules.

Norflurane (1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane) is a non-flammable gas used primarily as a "high-temperature" refrigerant for domestic refrigeration and automobile air conditioners. Other uses include plastic foam blowing, as a cleaning solvent, a propellant for the delivery of pharmaceuticals (e.g. bronchodilators), wine cork removers, gas dusters, and in air driers for removing the moisture from compressed air. Liquid Norflurane absorbs a high amount of thermal energy from the environment during its evaporation at atmospheric pressure. Norflurane is commercially available as a liquid in pressurized cylinders or cans. Norflurane is used as a propellant for some metered dose inhalers and as an inhalational anesthetic agent in animal studies.

OLEYL OLEATE is an inactive component of BUTRANS®, which is a partial opioid agonist indicated for the management of pain severe enough to require daily, around-the-clock, long-term opioid treatment and for which alternative treatment options are inadequate.

There is no information related to the biological and pharmacological application of levulinic acid. But is known, that levulinic acid was recognized by the US Department of Energy as one of the top biobased platform chemicals of the future. It is a versatile building block with a clear value proposition in chemicals. Levulinic acid can successfully address many performance-related issues attributed to petroleum-based chemicals and materials.

Secretin is a peptide hormone produced by S-cells of the small intestinal mucosa and involved in the regulation of pancreatic secretory activity. S-cells that are located in the mucous membrane of the duodenum and in the proximal part of the jejunum secrete the polypeptide prosecretin, an inactive precursor of secretin, which turns into secretin by the action of hydrochloric acid of the gastric juice. Being absorbed into the blood, secretin reaches the pancreas and pancreatic centroacinar cells have secretin receptors in their plasma membrane. As secretin binds to these receptors, it enhances the secretion of bicarbonate-rich fluid that flows into the intestine. Bicarbonate is a base that neutralizes the acid, thus establishing a pH favorable to the action of other digestive enzymes in the small intestine. Secretin also increases water and bicarbonate secretion from duodenal Brunner's glands to buffer the incoming protons of the acidic chyme and also reduces acid secretion by parietal cells of the stomach. Secretin is used in a diagnostic test for pancreatic function.

Saralasin is an angiotensin II analogue which was developed for the treatment of hypertension in 1970s. For many years saralasin was supposed to be angiotensin receptors blocker, but recent studies have revealed that its pharmacological action can be explained by agonistic behavior toward angiotensin II receptor. The drug was approved by FDA under the name Sarenin, however, it is no longer available on the market.