Moxalactam (latamoxef) is a new synthetic oxa-beta-lactam antibiotic administered intravenously or intramuscularly. It has a broad spectrum of activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, is particularly active against Enterobacteriaceae and is resistant to hydrolysis by beta-lactamases. Moxalactam has moderate activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, but on the basis of present evidence can not be recommended as sole antibiotic treatment of known or suspected pseudomonal infections. Like the related compounds, the cephalosporins, moxalactam is effective in the treatment of complicated urinary tract infections and lower respiratory tract infections caused by Gram-negative bacilli. Latamoxef works by inhibiting bacterial cell wall biosynthesis. Latamoxef is primarily indicated in conditions like Bone and joint infection, GI infections, Gynecological infections, Meningitis, Respiratory tract infections, Septicaemia, Skin infections, Soft tissue infections, UTI. Latamoxef is no longer available in the United States.

Bethanidine is a post-ganglionic adrenergic neurone-blocking agent which exerts a marked postural hypotensive effect. The precise mechanism whereby bethanidine causes blockade of adrenergic neurones is unknown. An initial sympathomimetic effect has been demonstrated in man and animals, possibly due to release of catecholamines.

Bayer developed MEZLOCILLIN (previously known as BAYPEN); it is a semisynthetic ampicillin-derived penicillin. Mezlocillin is a penicillin beta-lactam antibiotic used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually gram-positive, organisms. The bactericidal activity of mezlocillin results from the inhibition of cell wall synthesis and is mediated through mezlocillin binding to penicillin binding proteins (PBPs). Mezlocillin is stable against hydrolysis by a variety of beta-lactamases, including penicillinases and cephalosporinases and extended spectrum beta-lactamases. Mezlocillin was poorly absorbed orally and was given either intramuscularly or intravenously. This drug was discontinued in the U.S.

CERULETIDE, also known as caerulein, is a specific decapeptide obtained from the skin of Hila caerulea, an Australian amphibian. It is similar in action and composition to the natural gastrointestinal peptide hormone cholecystokinin. It stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion; and certain smooth muscle. In the research setting, CERULETIDE can be used to induce pancreatitis in experimental animal models.

Cefotaxime sodium is a semisynthetic, broad spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic for parenteral administration. It’s a 3rd Generation Cephalosporin that is FDA approved for the treatment of lower respiratory tract infections, genitourinary infections, gynecologic infections, bacteremia/septicemia, skin and skin structure infections, intra-abdominal infections, bone and/or joint infections and central nervous system infections. The bactericidal activity of cefotaxime sodium results from inhibition of cell wall synthesis. Cefotaxime sodium has in vitro activity against a wide range of gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Cefotaxime sodium has a high degree of stability in the presence of ß-lactamases, both penicillinases and cephalosporinases, of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Increased nephrotoxicity has been reported following concomitant administration of cephalosporins and aminoglycoside antibiotics. Common adverse reactions include injection site pain, injection site phlebitis, rash, diarrhea, vomiting. Increased nephrotoxicity has been reported following concomitant administration of cephalosporins and aminoglycoside antibiotics.

Bayer developed MEZLOCILLIN (previously known as BAYPEN); it is a semisynthetic ampicillin-derived penicillin. Mezlocillin is a penicillin beta-lactam antibiotic used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually gram-positive, organisms. The bactericidal activity of mezlocillin results from the inhibition of cell wall synthesis and is mediated through mezlocillin binding to penicillin binding proteins (PBPs). Mezlocillin is stable against hydrolysis by a variety of beta-lactamases, including penicillinases and cephalosporinases and extended spectrum beta-lactamases. Mezlocillin was poorly absorbed orally and was given either intramuscularly or intravenously. This drug was discontinued in the U.S.

There is no information related to the biological and pharmacological application of levulinic acid. But is known, that levulinic acid was recognized by the US Department of Energy as one of the top biobased platform chemicals of the future. It is a versatile building block with a clear value proposition in chemicals. Levulinic acid can successfully address many performance-related issues attributed to petroleum-based chemicals and materials.

Saralasin is an angiotensin II analogue which was developed for the treatment of hypertension in 1970s. For many years saralasin was supposed to be angiotensin receptors blocker, but recent studies have revealed that its pharmacological action can be explained by agonistic behavior toward angiotensin II receptor. The drug was approved by FDA under the name Sarenin, however, it is no longer available on the market.