U.S. Department of Health & Human Services Divider Arrow National Institutes of Health Divider Arrow NCATS

Description
Curator's Comment: description was created based on several sources, including: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucose

Glucose is a sugar with the molecular formula C6H12O6. The D-isomer (D-glucose), also known as dextrose, occurs widely in nature, but the L-isomer (L-glucose) does not. Glucose is made during photosynthesis from water and carbon dioxide, using energy from sunlight. The reverse of the photosynthesis reaction, which releases this energy, is a very important source of power for cellular respiration. Glucose is stored as a polymer, in plants as starch and in animals as glycogen, for times when the organism will need it. Glucose circulates in the blood of animals as blood sugar. Glucose can be obtained by hydrolysis of carbohydrates such as milk, cane sugar, maltose, cellulose, glycogen etc. It is however, manufactured by hydrolysis of cornstarch by steaming and diluting acid. Glucose is the human body's key source of energy, through aerobic respiration, providing about 3.75 kilocalories (16 kilojoules) of food energy per gram. Breakdown of carbohydrates (e.g. starch) yields mono- and disaccharides, most of which is glucose. Use of glucose as an energy source in cells is by either aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, or fermentation. All of these processes follow from an earlier metabolic pathway known as glycolysis. The insulin reaction, and other mechanisms, regulate the concentration of glucose in the blood. Glucose supplies almost all the energy for the brain, so its availability influences psychological processes. When glucose is low, psychological processes requiring mental effort (e.g., self-control, effortful decision-making) are impaired. Ingested glucose is absorbed directly into the blood from the intestine and results in a rapid increase in the blood glucose level. Glucose is used to manage hypoglycemia and for intravenous feeding. Nausea may occur after ingesting glucose, but this also may be an effect of the hypoglycemia which is present just prior to ingestion. Other adverse effects include increased blood glucose, injection site leakage of fluid (extravasation), injection site inflammation, and bleeding in the brain.

CNS Activity

Curator's Comment: Glucose from blood enters the brain by a transport protein. Glucose is the primary energy substrate of the brain. Glucose transport protein (GLUT-1) is highly enriched in brain capillary endothelial cells. These transporters carry glucose molecules through the blood brain barrier. Although rare, patients with Glut-1 deficiency (caused by genetic mutations) can have severe learning difficulties. Low glucose sugar levels in the cerebrospinal, but not in the blood, will identify the condition.

Originator

Curator's Comment: In the year 1747, a pharmacist from Germany named Andreas Marggraf was able to isolate the glucose found in raisins. However, Marggraf called it as ‘eine Art Zucke’. In 1811, sugar syrup was produced by Constantine Kirchoff with the use of isolated glucose. It was only in 1838 when the term ‘glucose’ was introduced and this was done by Jean Baptiste Andre Dumas. The word was derived from a Greek word glycos that means sweet.

Approval Year

Targets

Targets

Primary TargetPharmacologyConditionPotency
Conditions

Conditions

ConditionModalityTargetsHighest PhaseProduct
Preventing
ALCOHOL AND DEXTROSE

Approved Use

Alcohol and Dextrose Injections USP are indicated for increasing caloric intake.
Primary
Unknown

Approved Use

Unknown
Doses

Doses

DosePopulationAdverse events​
400 mg/kg single, oral
Highest studied dose
Dose: 400 mg/kg
Route: oral
Route: single
Dose: 400 mg/kg
Sources:
healthy, <1 h old
n = 73
Health Status: healthy
Condition: Neonatal Hypoglycaemia Prophylaxis
Age Group: <1 h old
Sex: M+F
Population Size: 73
Sources:
25 g single, intravenous
Highest studied dose
Dose: 25 g
Route: intravenous
Route: single
Dose: 25 g
Sources:
unhealthy
Health Status: unhealthy
Condition: Hypoglycaemia
Sources:
10 % single, intravenous
Recommended
Dose: 10 %
Route: intravenous
Route: single
Dose: 10 %
Sources:
unhealthy
n = 25
Health Status: unhealthy
Condition: Adult hypoglycaemia
Sex: M+F
Population Size: 25
Sources:
10 % single, intravenous
Recommended
Dose: 10 %
Route: intravenous
Route: single
Dose: 10 %
Sources: Page: p.2
unhealthy
Health Status: unhealthy
Condition: Source of water and calories
Sources: Page: p.2
Other AEs: Fluid overload, Electrolytes serum low (NOS)...
Other AEs:
Fluid overload
Electrolytes serum low (NOS)
Overhydration
Pulmonary edema
Peripheral edema
Hypokalemia (grade 3)
Serum osmolality increased
Intracerebral hemorrhage
Sources: Page: p.2
AEs

AEs

AESignificanceDosePopulation
Electrolytes serum low (NOS)
10 % single, intravenous
Recommended
Dose: 10 %
Route: intravenous
Route: single
Dose: 10 %
Sources: Page: p.2
unhealthy
Health Status: unhealthy
Condition: Source of water and calories
Sources: Page: p.2
Fluid overload
10 % single, intravenous
Recommended
Dose: 10 %
Route: intravenous
Route: single
Dose: 10 %
Sources: Page: p.2
unhealthy
Health Status: unhealthy
Condition: Source of water and calories
Sources: Page: p.2
Intracerebral hemorrhage
10 % single, intravenous
Recommended
Dose: 10 %
Route: intravenous
Route: single
Dose: 10 %
Sources: Page: p.2
unhealthy
Health Status: unhealthy
Condition: Source of water and calories
Sources: Page: p.2
Overhydration
10 % single, intravenous
Recommended
Dose: 10 %
Route: intravenous
Route: single
Dose: 10 %
Sources: Page: p.2
unhealthy
Health Status: unhealthy
Condition: Source of water and calories
Sources: Page: p.2
Peripheral edema
10 % single, intravenous
Recommended
Dose: 10 %
Route: intravenous
Route: single
Dose: 10 %
Sources: Page: p.2
unhealthy
Health Status: unhealthy
Condition: Source of water and calories
Sources: Page: p.2
Pulmonary edema
10 % single, intravenous
Recommended
Dose: 10 %
Route: intravenous
Route: single
Dose: 10 %
Sources: Page: p.2
unhealthy
Health Status: unhealthy
Condition: Source of water and calories
Sources: Page: p.2
Serum osmolality increased
10 % single, intravenous
Recommended
Dose: 10 %
Route: intravenous
Route: single
Dose: 10 %
Sources: Page: p.2
unhealthy
Health Status: unhealthy
Condition: Source of water and calories
Sources: Page: p.2
Hypokalemia grade 3
10 % single, intravenous
Recommended
Dose: 10 %
Route: intravenous
Route: single
Dose: 10 %
Sources: Page: p.2
unhealthy
Health Status: unhealthy
Condition: Source of water and calories
Sources: Page: p.2
Overview

Overview

CYP3A4CYP2C9CYP2D6hERG

OverviewOther

Other InhibitorOther SubstrateOther Inducer


Drug as perpetrator​

Drug as perpetrator​

TargetModalityActivityMetaboliteClinical evidence
likely
yes
Sourcing

Sourcing

Vendor/AggregatorIDURL
PubMed

PubMed

TitleDatePubMed
Effect of high glucose concentrations on human erythrocytes in vitro.
2015 Aug
Patents

Sample Use Guides

In Vivo Use Guide
Curator's Comment: The usual dose of glucose for hypoglycemia is 10-20 gm orally or by intravenous infusion.
Intravenous solution/Injection: 2.5 %, 5 %, 10 %, 20 %, 25 %, 30 %, 40 %, 50 %, 70 %
Route of Administration: Intravenous
In Vitro Use Guide
Erythrocytes were incubated with 5, 45 or 100 mM glucose for up to 72 h. High glucose concentrations intensified lipid peroxidation and loss of activities of erythrocyte enzymes (glutathione S-transferase and glutathione reductase).
Substance Class Mixture
Created
by admin
on Fri Dec 15 16:17:20 GMT 2023
Edited
by admin
on Fri Dec 15 16:17:20 GMT 2023
Record UNII
IY9XDZ35W2
Record Status Validated (UNII)
Record Version
  • Download
Related Record Type
Name Type Language
DEXTROSE
GREEN BOOK   II   ORANGE BOOK   USP   VANDF  
Preferred Name English
DEXTROSE, UNSPECIFIED FORM
Common Name English
D5W
Code English
GLUCOSE, UNSPECIFIED FORM
INCI   VANDF  
INCI  
Official Name English
DEXTROSE, UNSPECIFIED
Common Name English
DEXTROSE [GREEN BOOK]
Common Name English
DEXTROSE [II]
Common Name English
DEXTROSE [VANDF]
Common Name English
GRAPE SUGAR
Common Name English
DEXTROSE [ORANGE BOOK]
Common Name English
DEXTROSE, UNSPECIFIED FORM [GREEN BOOK]
Common Name English
DEXTROSE [USP-RS]
Common Name English
DEXTROSE [USP IMPURITY]
Common Name English
GLUCOSE [VANDF]
Common Name English
Classification Tree Code System Code
DSLD 1344 (Number of products:4)
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 16:17:20 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 16:17:20 GMT 2023
CFR 21 CFR 520.1060
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 16:17:20 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 16:17:20 GMT 2023
WHO-VATC QB05CX01
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 16:17:20 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 16:17:20 GMT 2023
WHO-ATC V04CA02
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 16:17:20 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 16:17:20 GMT 2023
WHO-ATC C05BB56
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 16:17:20 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 16:17:20 GMT 2023
WHO-VATC QV06DC01
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 16:17:20 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 16:17:20 GMT 2023
WHO-VATC QV04CA02
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 16:17:20 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 16:17:20 GMT 2023
WHO-ATC B05CX01
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 16:17:20 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 16:17:20 GMT 2023
WHO-ESSENTIAL MEDICINES LIST 26.2
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 16:17:20 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 16:17:20 GMT 2023
WHO-ATC V06DC01
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 16:17:20 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 16:17:20 GMT 2023
Code System Code Type Description
EVMPD
SUB13981MIG
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 16:17:20 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 16:17:20 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
CHEBI
42758
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 16:17:20 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 16:17:20 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
FDA UNII
IY9XDZ35W2
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 16:17:20 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 16:17:20 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
CHEBI
4167
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 16:17:20 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 16:17:20 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
ChEMBL
CHEMBL2109169
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 16:17:20 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 16:17:20 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
RXCUI
4850
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 16:17:20 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 16:17:20 GMT 2023
PRIMARY RxNorm
NCI_THESAURUS
C2831
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 16:17:20 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 16:17:20 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
DAILYMED
IY9XDZ35W2
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 16:17:20 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 16:17:20 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
WIKIPEDIA
GLUCOSE
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 16:17:20 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 16:17:20 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
DRUG BANK
DB09341
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 16:17:20 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 16:17:20 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
MESH
D005947
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 16:17:20 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 16:17:20 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
EVMPD
SUB180269
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 16:17:20 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 16:17:20 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
CHEBI
17634
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 16:17:20 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 16:17:20 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
ChEMBL
CHEMBL1614854
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 16:17:20 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 16:17:20 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
One of these components may be present:
Related Record Type Details
TRANSPORTER -> SUBSTRATE
90% of the glucose that is initially filtered is reabsorbed by a high capacity system controlled by SGLT-2 in the early convoluted segment of the proximal tubules
SUB_CONCEPT->SUBSTANCE
SUB_CONCEPT->SUBSTANCE
Related Record Type Details
ACTIVE MOIETY
Definition References