Troglitazone (TGZ, brand name: Rezulin and Prelay) is a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR gamma) ligand, which was developed by Daiichi Sankyo and approved for the US market for the treatment of Type II diabetes mellitus. The drug is used alone or in combination with a sulfonylurea, metformin, or insulin as an adjunct to diet and exercise, and was not indicated as initial therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes. This drug was withdrawn from the UK market due to liver toxicity. It was removed from the US market in 2000, only 3 years after its introduction and from Japan, shortly afterward. In addition, was conducted a clinical trial for the treatment of patients with advanced liposarcoma by using troglitazone, but the positive result wasn’t obtained. It was shown, that in case of cancer cells troglitazone acted independently of PPAR gamma, by up-regulation of early growth response-1 (Egr-1). Egr-1 transcription factor has been linked to apoptosis and shown to be activated by extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK).
Originator
Approval Year
Targets
Primary Target | Pharmacology | Condition | Potency |
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Target ID: CHEMBL235 Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10691680 |
780.0 nM [EC50] | ||
Target ID: P18146 Gene ID: 1958.0 Gene Symbol: EGR1 Target Organism: Homo sapiens (Human) Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12475986 |
Conditions
Condition | Modality | Targets | Highest Phase | Product |
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Primary | Unknown Approved UseUnknown |
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Palliative | PRELAY Approved UsePrelay is indicated to improve glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus as an adjunct to diet and exercise in combination with (not substituted for): · A sulfonylurea drug for patients who are not adequately controlled with a sulfonylurea alone or, · A sulfonylurea drug together with metformin for patients who are not adequately controlled with the combination of a sulfonylurea and metformin or, · Insulin in patients who are not adequately controlled with insulin alone. Prelay is not indicated as initial therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes Launch Date1997 |
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Primary | Unknown Approved UseUnknown |
PubMed
Title | Date | PubMed |
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Effect of troglitazone on plasma lipid metabolism and lipoprotein lipase. | 1999 Apr |
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Chemoprevention of heterocyclic amine-induced carcinogenesis by phenolic compounds in rats. | 1999 Sep 1 |
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Troglitazone, a PPARgamma ligand, inhibits osteopontin gene expression in human monocytes/macrophage THP-1 cells. | 2000 |
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Differential activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma by troglitazone and rosiglitazone. | 2000 Apr |
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UCP3 gene expression does not correlate with muscle oxidation rates in troglitazone-treated Zucker fatty rats. | 2000 Dec 15 |
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Leptin, troglitazone, and the expression of sterol regulatory element binding proteins in liver and pancreatic islets. | 2000 Jul 18 |
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Troglitazone improves psoriasis and normalizes models of proliferative skin disease: ligands for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma inhibit keratinocyte proliferation. | 2000 May |
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Insulin sensitizer, troglitazone, directly inhibits aromatase activity in human ovarian granulosa cells. | 2000 May 19 |
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Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma by troglitazone inhibits cell growth through the increase of p27KiP1 in human. Pancreatic carcinoma cells. | 2000 Oct 1 |
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Down-regulation of uncoupling protein-3 and -2 by thiazolidinediones in C2C12 myotubes. | 2000 Oct 27 |
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Two opposing effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on the expression of the inducible cyclooxygenase. Mediation through different signaling pathways. | 2000 Sep 8 |
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Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma ligands suppress the transcriptional activation of cyclooxygenase-2. Evidence for involvement of activator protein-1 and CREB-binding protein/p300. | 2001 Apr 13 |
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Arylhydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is involved in negative regulation of adipose differentiation in 3T3-L1 cells: AhR inhibits adipose differentiation independently of dioxin. | 2001 Aug |
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The ligands/activators for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) and PPARgamma increase Cu2+,Zn2+-superoxide dismutase and decrease p22phox message expressions in primary endothelial cells. | 2001 Jan |
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Enzymatic characterization and interspecies difference of phenol sulfotransferases, ST1A forms. | 2001 Mar |
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Troglitazone induces GLUT4 translocation in L6 myotubes. | 2001 May |
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Troglitazone improves endothelial function and augments renal klotho mRNA expression in Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats with multiple atherogenic risk factors. | 2001 Nov |
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Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma) activation suppresses ischemic induction of Egr-1 and its inflammatory gene targets. | 2002 Dec |
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Fibrate and statin synergistically increase the transcriptional activities of PPARalpha/RXRalpha and decrease the transactivation of NFkappaB. | 2002 Jan 11 |
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PPAR gamma ligands, troglitazone and pioglitazone, up-regulate expression of HMG-CoA synthase and HMG-CoA reductase gene in THP-1 macrophages. | 2002 Jun 5 |
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Effects of 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-ethane (p,p'-DDT) on 3T3-L1 and 3T3-F442A adipocyte differentiation. | 2002 Mar 1 |
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Effects of leptin, troglitazone, and dietary fat on stearoyl CoA desaturase. | 2002 Oct 11 |
Sample Use Guides
Prelay (TROGLITAZONE tablet) should be taken with a meal.
Combination Therapy:
Sulfonylureas: Prelay in combination with a sulfonylurea should be initiated at 200 mg once daily. The current sulfonylurea dose should be continued upon initiation of Prelay therapy. For patients not responding adequately, the Rezulin dose should be increased at 2 to 4 weeks. The maximum recommended dose is 600 mg once daily. The dose of sulfonylurea may require lowering to optimize therapy.
Metformin: For patients not responding adequately to metformin and sulfonylurea therapy, 400 mg daily of Prelay may be added.
Insulin: The current insulin dose should be continued upon initiation of Prelay therapy. Prelay therapy should be initiated at 200 mg once daily in patients on insulin therapy. For patients not responding adequately, the dose of Prelay should be increased after approximately 2 to 4 weeks. The usual dose of Prelay is 400 mg once daily. The maximum recommended daily dose is 600 mg. It is recommended that the insulin dose be decreased by 10% to 25% when fasting plasma glucose concentrations decrease to less than 120 mg/dL in patients receiving concomitant insulin and Prelay. Further adjustments should be individualized based on glucose-lowering response.
Patients With Renal Insufficiency: Dose adjustment in patients with renal insufficiency is not required
Route of Administration:
Oral
In Vitro Use Guide
Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16374840
Human HCC cell lines Huh7 and Hep3B were cultured in the presence or absence of troglitazone. Cell growth was determined via WST-1 assay, proliferation by cell cycle analysis and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) Western blotting, and apoptosis by flow cytometry and TUNEL. In cultures of Hep3B and Huh7 cells, basal expression of PPARgamma was relatively low, but troglitazone caused dose-dependent induction of PPARgamma expression.
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Name | Property Type | Amount | Referenced Substance | Defining | Parameters | References |
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Biological Half-life | PHARMACOKINETIC |
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