TITANIUM CATION (4+)

Details

Stereochemistry	ACHIRAL
Molecular Formula	Ti
Molecular Weight	47.867
Optical Activity	NONE
Defined Stereocenters	0 / 0
E/Z Centers	0
Charge	4

SHOW SMILES / InChI

Structure Search

SMILES

[Ti+4]

InChI

InChIKey=LCKIEQZJEYYRIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N

InChI=1S/Ti/q+4

HIDE SMILES / InChI

Molecular Formula	Ti
Molecular Weight	47.867
Charge	4
Count

Stereochemistry	ACHIRAL
Additional Stereochemistry	No
Defined Stereocenters	0 / 0
E/Z Centers	0
Optical Activity	NONE

Description
Sources: https://www.drugs.com/inactive/titanium-dioxide-70.html
Curator's Comment: description was created based on several sources, including https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2008/022009s000_ClinPharmR.pdf | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18503414

Titanium dioxide, also known as titanium(IV) oxide or titania, is the naturally occurring oxide of titanium, chemical formula TiO 2. When used as a pigment, it is called titanium white, Pigment White 6 (PW6), or CI 77891. Generally it is sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase. It has a wide range of applications, from paint to sunscreen to food coloring. When used as a food coloring, it has E number E171. World production in 2014 exceeded 9 million metric tons. Titanium dioxide has excellent ultraviolet (UV) resistant qualities and acts as a UV absorbent. In the pharmaceutical industry, titanium dioxide is used in most sunscreens to block UVA and UVB rays, similar to zinc oxide. It is also commonly used as pigment for pharmaceutical products such as gelatin capsules, tablet coatings and syrups. In the cosmetics industry, it is used in toothpaste, lipsticks, creams, ointments and powders. It can be used as an opacifier to make pigments opaque. The FDA has approved the safety of titanium dioxide for use as a colorant in food, drugs and cosmetics, including sunscreens. However, controversy exists as to the safety of titanium dioxide nanoparticles used in the cosmetics industry, for example in sunscreens. Titanium and zinc oxides may be made into the nanoparticle size (0.2-100 nanometers) to reduce the white appearance when applied topically, but retain the UV blocking properties. Recent studies suggest titanium dioxide nanoparticles may be toxic, although further research is needed.

CNS Activity

Originator

Approval Year

Targets

Primary Target	Pharmacology	Condition	Potency
ultraviolet induced damage 12 Target ID: ultraviolet induced damage Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18503257	Inhibitor 8504

Conditions

Condition	Modality	Targets	Highest Phase	Product
Sunburn 84 Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2008/022009s000_ClinPharmR.pdf	Preventing		Approved 8583	ANTHELIOS 40 Approved Use Unknown Launch Date 2008
Denture stomatitis 12 Sources: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02950623	Primary		Not Provided 511	Unknown Approved Use Unknown

PubMed

Title	Date	PubMed
TiO2 nanoparticle-induced neurotoxicity may be involved in dysfunction of glutamate metabolism and its receptor expression in mice.	2016-06	25411160
Silver and titanium dioxide nanoparticles alter oxidative/inflammatory response and renin-angiotensin system in brain.	2015-11	26277626
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles modulate the toxicological response to cadmium in the gills of Mytilus galloprovincialis.	2015-10-30	25956639
Cyto- and genotoxic effects of metallic nanoparticles in untransformed human fibroblast.	2015-10	26028148
Effects of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on lead bioconcentration and toxicity on thyroid endocrine system and neuronal development in zebrafish larvae.	2015-04	25703175
Oxidative and pro-inflammatory effects of cobalt and titanium oxide nanoparticles on aortic and venous endothelial cells.	2015-04	25526690
Titanium nanoparticle inhalation induces renal fibrosis in mice via an oxidative stress upregulated transforming growth factor-β pathway.	2015-03-16	25406100
Genome wide identification and expression profile in epithelial cells exposed to TiO₂ particles.	2015-03	24023007
Release of titanium ions from an implant surface and their effect on cytokine production related to alveolar bone resorption.	2015-01-02	25446332
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles promote arrhythmias via a direct interaction with rat cardiac tissue.	2014-12-09	25487314
Genetic variation influences immune responses in sensitive rats following exposure to TiO2 nanoparticles.	2014-12-04	25456268
Normalization of nano-sized TiO2-induced clastogenicity, genotoxicity and mutagenicity by chlorophyllin administration in mice brain, liver, and bone marrow cells.	2014-11	25129858
Sheet-type titania, but not P25, induced paraptosis accompanying apoptosis in murine alveolar macrophage cells.	2014-10-01	25111187
Effect of glycyrrhizic acid on titanium dioxide nanoparticles-induced hepatotoxicity in rats.	2014-09-05	25016076
Effect of TiO₂ nanoparticles on the structure and activity of catalase.	2014-08-05	24931876
Zinc oxide nanoparticles induce migration and adhesion of monocytes to endothelial cells and accelerate foam cell formation.	2014-07-01	24746987
Effect of pubertal nano-TiO2 exposure on testosterone synthesis and spermatogenesis in mice.	2014-03	24241477
Genotoxicity of silver and titanium dioxide nanoparticles in bone marrow cells of rats in vivo.	2014-01-06	24321264
Improving cytocompatibility of Co28Cr6Mo by TiO2 coating: gene expression study in human endothelial cells.	2013-09-06	23825117
TiO2, CeO2 and ZnO nanoparticles and modulation of the degranulation process in human neutrophils.	2013-07-31	23726862
Pulmonary instillation of low doses of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in mice leads to particle retention and gene expression changes in the absence of inflammation.	2013-06-15	23557971
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles increase inflammatory responses in vascular endothelial cells.	2013-04-05	23380242
Nano-titanium dioxide induces genotoxicity and apoptosis in human lung cancer cell line, A549.	2013-02	23111874
Differential mouse pulmonary dose and time course responses to titanium dioxide nanospheres and nanobelts.	2013-01	22956629
Nanosized TiO2-induced reproductive system dysfunction and its mechanism in female mice.	2013	23565150
Molecular mechanisms of nanosized titanium dioxide-induced pulmonary injury in mice.	2013	23409001
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles inhibit proliferation and induce morphological changes and apoptosis in glial cells.	2012-12-16	23044362
Ovarian dysfunction and gene-expressed characteristics of female mice caused by long-term exposure to titanium dioxide nanoparticles.	2012-12	23131501
Four types of inorganic nanoparticles stimulate the inflammatory reaction in brain microglia and damage neurons in vitro.	2012-10-17	22939914
Distinct immunomodulatory effects of a panel of nanomaterials in human dermal fibroblasts.	2012-05-05	22342292
TiO₂ nanoparticles induce dysfunction and activation of human endothelial cells.	2012-04-16	22352400
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles induced cytotoxicity, oxidative stress and DNA damage in human amnion epithelial (WISH) cells.	2012-03	22210200
Molecular control of TiO₂-NPs toxicity formation at predicted environmental relevant concentrations by Mn-SODs proteins.	2012	22973466
The effect of TiO(2) and Ag nanoparticles on reproduction and development of Drosophila melanogaster and CD-1 mice.	2011-12-15	22005274
Safety evaluation of sunscreen formulations containing titanium dioxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles in UVB sunburned skin: an in vitro and in vivo study.	2011-09	21642632
Toll-like receptors and their adaptors are regulated in macrophages after phagocytosis of lipopolysaccharide-coated titanium particles.	2011-07	21308757
Cellular oxidative damage of HEK293T cells induced by combination of CdCl(2) and nano-TiO (2).	2011-06	21671166
Titanium ion induces necrosis and sensitivity to lipopolysaccharide in gingival epithelial-like cells.	2010-10	20682337
Influence of metals on cytokines production in connection with successful implantation therapy in dentistry.	2010	21173747
Alumina ceramic particles, in comparison with titanium particles, hardly affect the expression of RANK-, TNF-alpha-, and OPG-mRNA in the THP-1 human monocytic cell line.	2009-06	18449944
Reconsideration of serum Ti(IV) transport: albumin and transferrin trafficking of Ti(IV) and its complexes.	2008-02-20	18225897
Upregulation of LITAF mRNA expression upon exposure to TiAlV and polyethylene wear particles in THP-1 macrophages.	2007-04	17408380
Chemokine gene activation in human bone marrow-derived osteoblasts following exposure to particulate wear debris.	2006-04	16392133
Molecular and biomechanical characterization of mineralized tissue by dental pulp cells on titanium.	2005-06	15914587
Matrix metalloproteinases MMP-2, -9 and tissue inhibitors TIMP-1, -2 expression and secretion by primary human osteoblast cells in response to titanium, zirconia, and alumina ceramics.	2004-01-01	14661256
Effects of hydroxyapatite particulate debris on the production of cytokines and proteases in human fibroblasts.	2001-07	11518271
The effects of particulate wear debris, cytokines, and growth factors on the functions of MG-63 osteoblasts.	2001-02	11216681
Cytokine and prostaglandin E2 release from leukocytes in response to metal ions derived from different prosthetic materials: an in vitro study.	1999-12	10619928
Titanium, chromium and cobalt ions modulate the release of bone-associated cytokines by human monocytes/macrophages in vitro.	1996-12	8968517
Increased expression of manganese-containing superoxide dismutase in rat lungs after inhalation of inflammatory and fibrogenic minerals.	1994-03	8063194

Patents

Sample Use Guides

In Vivo Use Guide

Apply evenly 15 minutes before sun exposure. Reapply as needed or after towel drying, swimming, or perspiring. Children under 6 months of age, ask a doctor.

Route of Administration: Topical

In Vitro Use Guide

For the in vitro studies, the stratum corneum side of the skin was in contact with either the aqueous or oily commercial dispersion of microfine TiO2 (150 μl/cm^2). The dermis side was placed onto a tissue of cellulose soaked with isotonic phosphate buffered saline (PBS) of pH 7.4. Twenty-four hours after application of the dispersion, the PBS was removed from the skin with a dry paper towel. For the in vivo studies, 2 μl cm−2 of the commercial dispersions and the different formulations were applied onto the ventral side of the forearm of a healthy female volunteer. After 45 min, any dispersion or formulation that had not penetrated the skin was also removed with a paper towel. All penetration tests were performed in triplicate.

Substance Class	Chemical Created by `admin` on `Mon Mar 31 18:53:47 GMT 2025` Edited by `admin` on `Mon Mar 31 18:53:47 GMT 2025`
Record UNII	7R411EMJ0N
Record Status	`Validated (UNII)`
Record Version