TITANIUM DIOXIDE

Details

Stereochemistry	ACHIRAL
Molecular Formula	2O.Ti
Molecular Weight	79.866
Optical Activity	NONE
Defined Stereocenters	0 / 0
E/Z Centers	0
Charge	0

SHOW SMILES / InChI

Structure Search

SMILES

[O--].[O--].[Ti+4]

InChI

InChIKey=SOQBVABWOPYFQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N

InChI=1S/2O.Ti/q2*-2;+4

HIDE SMILES / InChI

Molecular Formula	O
Molecular Weight	15.9994
Charge	-2
Count

Stereochemistry	ACHIRAL
Additional Stereochemistry	No
Defined Stereocenters	0 / 0
E/Z Centers	0
Optical Activity	NONE

Molecular Formula	Ti
Molecular Weight	47.867
Charge	4
Count

Stereochemistry	ACHIRAL
Additional Stereochemistry	No
Defined Stereocenters	0 / 0
E/Z Centers	0
Optical Activity	NONE

Description
Sources: https://www.drugs.com/inactive/titanium-dioxide-70.html
Curator's Comment: description was created based on several sources, including https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2008/022009s000_ClinPharmR.pdf | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18503414

Titanium dioxide, also known as titanium(IV) oxide or titania, is the naturally occurring oxide of titanium, chemical formula TiO 2. When used as a pigment, it is called titanium white, Pigment White 6 (PW6), or CI 77891. Generally it is sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase. It has a wide range of applications, from paint to sunscreen to food coloring. When used as a food coloring, it has E number E171. World production in 2014 exceeded 9 million metric tons. Titanium dioxide has excellent ultraviolet (UV) resistant qualities and acts as a UV absorbent. In the pharmaceutical industry, titanium dioxide is used in most sunscreens to block UVA and UVB rays, similar to zinc oxide. It is also commonly used as pigment for pharmaceutical products such as gelatin capsules, tablet coatings and syrups. In the cosmetics industry, it is used in toothpaste, lipsticks, creams, ointments and powders. It can be used as an opacifier to make pigments opaque. The FDA has approved the safety of titanium dioxide for use as a colorant in food, drugs and cosmetics, including sunscreens. However, controversy exists as to the safety of titanium dioxide nanoparticles used in the cosmetics industry, for example in sunscreens. Titanium and zinc oxides may be made into the nanoparticle size (0.2-100 nanometers) to reduce the white appearance when applied topically, but retain the UV blocking properties. Recent studies suggest titanium dioxide nanoparticles may be toxic, although further research is needed.

CNS Activity

Originator

Approval Year

Targets

Primary Target	Pharmacology	Condition	Potency
ultraviolet induced damage 12 Target ID: ultraviolet induced damage Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18503257	Inhibitor 8504

Conditions

Condition	Modality	Targets	Highest Phase	Product
Sunburn 84 Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2008/022009s000_ClinPharmR.pdf	Preventing		Approved 8583	ANTHELIOS 40 Approved Use Unknown Launch Date 2008
Denture stomatitis 12 Sources: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02950623	Primary		Not Provided 511	Unknown Approved Use Unknown

PubMed

Title	Date	PubMed
Titanium, chromium and cobalt ions modulate the release of bone-associated cytokines by human monocytes/macrophages in vitro.	1996 Dec	8968517
Matrix metalloproteinases MMP-2, -9 and tissue inhibitors TIMP-1, -2 expression and secretion by primary human osteoblast cells in response to titanium, zirconia, and alumina ceramics.	2004 Jan 1	14661256
Molecular and biomechanical characterization of mineralized tissue by dental pulp cells on titanium.	2005 Jun	15914587
Chemokine gene activation in human bone marrow-derived osteoblasts following exposure to particulate wear debris.	2006 Apr	16392133
Upregulation of LITAF mRNA expression upon exposure to TiAlV and polyethylene wear particles in THP-1 macrophages.	2007 Apr	17408380
Reconsideration of serum Ti(IV) transport: albumin and transferrin trafficking of Ti(IV) and its complexes.	2008 Feb 20	18225897
Alumina ceramic particles, in comparison with titanium particles, hardly affect the expression of RANK-, TNF-alpha-, and OPG-mRNA in the THP-1 human monocytic cell line.	2009 Jun	18449944
Influence of metals on cytokines production in connection with successful implantation therapy in dentistry.	2010	21173747
Engineered nanomaterials cause cytotoxicity and activation on mouse antigen presenting cells.	2010 Jan 12	19897006
Titanium ion induces necrosis and sensitivity to lipopolysaccharide in gingival epithelial-like cells.	2010 Oct	20682337
The effect of TiO(2) and Ag nanoparticles on reproduction and development of Drosophila melanogaster and CD-1 mice.	2011 Dec 15	22005274
Toll-like receptors and their adaptors are regulated in macrophages after phagocytosis of lipopolysaccharide-coated titanium particles.	2011 Jul	21308757
Cellular oxidative damage of HEK293T cells induced by combination of CdCl(2) and nano-TiO (2).	2011 Jun	21671166
Particle stimulation dephosphorylates glutathione S-transferase π1 of epithelial cells.	2011 Jun 18	21439344
Titanium oxide shell coatings decrease the cytotoxicity of ZnO nanoparticles.	2011 Mar 21	21341804
Safety evaluation of sunscreen formulations containing titanium dioxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles in UVB sunburned skin: an in vitro and in vivo study.	2011 Sep	21642632
Gene expression of zebrafish embryos exposed to titanium dioxide nanoparticles and hydroxylated fullerenes.	2011 Sep	21513982
Ovarian dysfunction and gene-expressed characteristics of female mice caused by long-term exposure to titanium dioxide nanoparticles.	2012 Dec	23131501
Genetic variation influences immune responses in sensitive rats following exposure to TiO2 nanoparticles.	2014 Dec 4	25456268
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles promote arrhythmias via a direct interaction with rat cardiac tissue.	2014 Dec 9	25487314
Genotoxicity of silver and titanium dioxide nanoparticles in bone marrow cells of rats in vivo.	2014 Jan 6	24321264
Zinc oxide nanoparticles induce migration and adhesion of monocytes to endothelial cells and accelerate foam cell formation.	2014 Jul 1	24746987
Normalization of nano-sized TiO2-induced clastogenicity, genotoxicity and mutagenicity by chlorophyllin administration in mice brain, liver, and bone marrow cells.	2014 Nov	25129858
Sheet-type titania, but not P25, induced paraptosis accompanying apoptosis in murine alveolar macrophage cells.	2014 Oct 1	25111187
Effects of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on lead bioconcentration and toxicity on thyroid endocrine system and neuronal development in zebrafish larvae.	2015 Apr	25703175
Oxidative and pro-inflammatory effects of cobalt and titanium oxide nanoparticles on aortic and venous endothelial cells.	2015 Apr	25526690
Release of titanium ions from an implant surface and their effect on cytokine production related to alveolar bone resorption.	2015 Jan 2	25446332
Titanium nanoparticle inhalation induces renal fibrosis in mice via an oxidative stress upregulated transforming growth factor-β pathway.	2015 Mar 16	25406100
TiO2 nanoparticle-induced neurotoxicity may be involved in dysfunction of glutamate metabolism and its receptor expression in mice.	2016 Jun	25411160

Patents

Sample Use Guides

In Vivo Use Guide

Apply evenly 15 minutes before sun exposure. Reapply as needed or after towel drying, swimming, or perspiring. Children under 6 months of age, ask a doctor.

Route of Administration: Topical

In Vitro Use Guide

For the in vitro studies, the stratum corneum side of the skin was in contact with either the aqueous or oily commercial dispersion of microfine TiO2 (150 μl/cm^2). The dermis side was placed onto a tissue of cellulose soaked with isotonic phosphate buffered saline (PBS) of pH 7.4. Twenty-four hours after application of the dispersion, the PBS was removed from the skin with a dry paper towel. For the in vivo studies, 2 μl cm−2 of the commercial dispersions and the different formulations were applied onto the ventral side of the forearm of a healthy female volunteer. After 45 min, any dispersion or formulation that had not penetrated the skin was also removed with a paper towel. All penetration tests were performed in triplicate.

Substance Class	Chemical Created by `admin` on `Mon Mar 31 18:04:03 GMT 2025` Edited by `admin` on `Mon Mar 31 18:04:03 GMT 2025`
Record UNII	15FIX9V2JP
Record Status	`Validated (UNII)`
Record Version

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Name

Type

Language

CI 77891

Preferred Name

English

TITANIUM DIOXIDE

Official Name

English

TITANIUM DIOXIDE [MART.]

Common Name

English

C.I. 77891

Common Name

English

TITANIUM DIOXIDE [USP MONOGRAPH]

Common Name

English

TITANIUM DIOXIDE [EP MONOGRAPH]

Common Name

English

TITANIUM DIOXIDE [USP-RS]

Common Name

English

CI-(1975)NO.77891

Code

English

CI-PIGMENT WHITE 6

Common Name

English

TITANIA

Common Name

English

TITANIUM OXIDE

Common Name

English

INS-171

Code

English

SAGENITE

Common Name

English

TITANIUM OXIDE [JAN]

Common Name

English

TITANIUM DIOXIDE [MI]

Common Name

English

INS NO.171

Code

English

TITANIUM DIOXIDE [VANDF]

Common Name

English

TITANIUM DIOXIDE [ORANGE BOOK]

Common Name

English

NSC-15204

Code

English

TITANIUM DIOXIDE [FCC]

Common Name

English

E 171

Code

English

TITANIUM DIOXIDE [II]

Common Name

English

NSC-200C

Code

English

RUTILE

Common Name

English

RUTILE (TIO2)

Common Name

English

Titanium dioxide [WHO-DD]

Common Name

English

TITANIUM DIOXIDE [HSDB]

Common Name

English

TITANIUM DIOXIDE [EP IMPURITY]

Common Name

English

CI-77891

Common Name

English

TITANIUM DIOXIDE [IARC]

Common Name

English

E-171

Code

English

Classification Tree Code System Code

CODEX ALIMENTARIUS (GSFA)

INS-171