LEVAMISOLE

US Previously Marketed

Details

Stereochemistry	ABSOLUTE
Molecular Formula	C11H12N2S
Molecular Weight	204.291
Optical Activity	UNSPECIFIED
Defined Stereocenters	1 / 1
E/Z Centers	0
Charge	0

SHOW SMILES / InChI

Structure Search

SMILES

C1CN2C[C@@H](N=C2S1)C3=CC=CC=C3

InChI

InChIKey=HLFSDGLLUJUHTE-SNVBAGLBSA-N

InChI=1S/C11H12N2S/c1-2-4-9(5-3-1)10-8-13-6-7-14-11(13)12-10/h1-5,10H,6-8H2/t10-/m1/s1

HIDE SMILES / InChI

Molecular Formula	C11H12N2S
Molecular Weight	204.291
Charge	0
Count

Stereochemistry	ABSOLUTE
Additional Stereochemistry	No
Defined Stereocenters	1 / 1
E/Z Centers	0
Optical Activity	UNSPECIFIED

Description
Sources: http://home.intekom.com/pharm/janssen/ergamis.html | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22004673 | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6995094

Levamisole (the trade name Ergamisol), an anthelminthic drug with immunological properties. It also has antitumor activity when administered with 5-fluorouracil in patients with Duke's C colorectal carcinoma; however, this use was discontinued. The mechanism of the antitumor effect is unknown but has been postulated to be related to levamisole's immunomodulatory properties. Levamisole can stimulate antibody formation to various antigens, enhance T-cell responses by stimulating T-cell activation and proliferation, potentiate monocyte and macrophage functions including phagocytosis, chemotaxis and increases motility, adherence, and chemotaxis. Levamisole inhibits alkaline phosphatase and possesses cholinergic activity. The mechanism of action of levamisole as an antiparasitic agent, for example, to treat ascariasis, relates to its agonistic activity to L-subtype nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in nematode muscles. In addition, levamisole was studied for preventing relapses of the steroid-sensitive idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (SSINS). It was shown, that alone or in combination with steroids, the drug can prolong the time to relapse and prevented recurrence during one year of treatment. However, these studies also were also discontinued.

Approval Year

Targets

Primary Target	Pharmacology	Condition	Potency
Alkaline phosphatase, tissue-nonspecific isozyme 19 Target ID: P05186\|\|\|Q5BKZ5 Gene ID: 249.0 Gene Symbol: ALPL Target Organism: Homo sapiens (Human) Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28209522	Inhibitor 8297
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha subunit 5 Target ID: CHEMBL1884 Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19668355	Agonist 2678

Conditions

Condition	Modality	Highest Phase	Product
Dukes' Stage C colon cancer 3 Sources: http://home.intekom.com/pharm/janssen/ergamis.html	Palliative	Approved 8429	ERGAMISOL Approved Use Unknown Launch Date 1990
Ascariasis 4 Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6995094	Curative	Not Provided 504	Unknown Approved Use Unknown
Steroid-sensitive idiopathic nephrotic syndrome 3 Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29054532	Preventing	Not Provided 504	Unknown Approved Use Unknown

C_max

Value	Dose	Analyte	Population
0.76 mg/L OTHER GOV https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/withdrawal-report/withdrawal-assessment-report-elmisol_en.pdf	150 mg unknown, oral dose: 150 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: UNKNOWN co-administered:	LEVAMISOLE plasma	Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN
1.93 mg/L EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7166176/	5 mg/kg bw single, oral dose: 5 mg/kg bw route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:	LEVAMISOLE plasma	Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE food status: FASTED
1.53 mg/L EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7166176/	5 mg/kg bw single, oral dose: 5 mg/kg bw route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:	LEVAMISOLE plasma	Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: MALE food status: FASTED
1.84 mg/L EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7166176/	5 mg/kg bw single, oral dose: 5 mg/kg bw route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:	LEVAMISOLE plasma	Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE food status: FASTED
0.72 mg/L OTHER GOV https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/withdrawal-report/withdrawal-assessment-report-elmisol_en.pdf	150 mg unknown, oral dose: 150 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: UNKNOWN co-administered:	LEVAMISOLE plasma	Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN
0.75 mg/L EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7166176/	2.5 mg/kg bw single, oral dose: 2.5 mg/kg bw route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:	LEVAMISOLE plasma	Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: MALE food status: FASTED
0.74 mg/L EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7166176/	2.5 mg/kg bw single, oral dose: 2.5 mg/kg bw route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:	LEVAMISOLE plasma	Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE food status: FASTED
1.28 mg/L EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7166176/	5 mg/kg bw single, oral dose: 5 mg/kg bw route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:	LEVAMISOLE plasma	Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: MALE food status: FASTED
0.97 mg/L EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7166176/	2.5 mg/kg bw single, oral dose: 2.5 mg/kg bw route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:	LEVAMISOLE plasma	Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE food status: FASTED
0.69 mg/L EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7166176/	2.5 mg/kg bw single, oral dose: 2.5 mg/kg bw route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:	LEVAMISOLE plasma	Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: MALE food status: FASTED
0.53 mg/L OTHER GOV https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/withdrawal-report/withdrawal-assessment-report-elmisol_en.pdf	2.5 mg/kg bw 1 times / 2 days multiple, oral dose: 2.5 mg/kg bw route of administration: Oral experiment type: MULTIPLE co-administered:	LEVAMISOLE plasma	Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: CHILD sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN

AUC

Value	Dose	Analyte	Population
4.15 mg × h/L OTHER GOV https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/withdrawal-report/withdrawal-assessment-report-elmisol_en.pdf	150 mg unknown, oral dose: 150 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: UNKNOWN co-administered:	LEVAMISOLE plasma	Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN
13.78 mg × h/L EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7166176/	5 mg/kg bw single, oral dose: 5 mg/kg bw route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:	LEVAMISOLE plasma	Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE food status: FASTED
18.96 mg × h/L EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7166176/	5 mg/kg bw single, oral dose: 5 mg/kg bw route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:	LEVAMISOLE plasma	Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: MALE food status: FASTED
19.69 mg × h/L EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7166176/	5 mg/kg bw single, oral dose: 5 mg/kg bw route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:	LEVAMISOLE plasma	Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE food status: FASTED
3.07 mg × h/L OTHER GOV https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/withdrawal-report/withdrawal-assessment-report-elmisol_en.pdf	150 mg unknown, oral dose: 150 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: UNKNOWN co-administered:	LEVAMISOLE plasma	Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN
4.48 mg × h/L EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7166176/	2.5 mg/kg bw single, oral dose: 2.5 mg/kg bw route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:	LEVAMISOLE plasma	Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: MALE food status: FASTED
6.1 mg × h/L EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7166176/	2.5 mg/kg bw single, oral dose: 2.5 mg/kg bw route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:	LEVAMISOLE plasma	Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE food status: FASTED
6.88 mg × h/L EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7166176/	5 mg/kg bw single, oral dose: 5 mg/kg bw route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:	LEVAMISOLE plasma	Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: MALE food status: FASTED
7.16 mg × h/L EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7166176/	2.5 mg/kg bw single, oral dose: 2.5 mg/kg bw route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:	LEVAMISOLE plasma	Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE food status: FASTED
7.44 mg × h/L EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7166176/	2.5 mg/kg bw single, oral dose: 2.5 mg/kg bw route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:	LEVAMISOLE plasma	Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: MALE food status: FASTED
3.54 mg × h/L OTHER GOV https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/withdrawal-report/withdrawal-assessment-report-elmisol_en.pdf	2.5 mg/kg bw 1 times / 2 days multiple, oral dose: 2.5 mg/kg bw route of administration: Oral experiment type: MULTIPLE co-administered:	LEVAMISOLE plasma	Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: CHILD sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN

T_1/2

Value	Dose	Analyte	Population
4.4 h OTHER GOV https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/withdrawal-report/withdrawal-assessment-report-elmisol_en.pdf	150 mg unknown, oral dose: 150 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: UNKNOWN co-administered:	LEVAMISOLE plasma	Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN
3.65 h EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7166176/	5 mg/kg bw single, oral dose: 5 mg/kg bw route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:	LEVAMISOLE plasma	Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE food status: FASTED
5.75 h EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7166176/	5 mg/kg bw single, oral dose: 5 mg/kg bw route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:	LEVAMISOLE plasma	Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: MALE food status: FASTED
5.58 h EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7166176/	5 mg/kg bw single, oral dose: 5 mg/kg bw route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:	LEVAMISOLE plasma	Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE food status: FASTED
5.56 h OTHER GOV https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/withdrawal-report/withdrawal-assessment-report-elmisol_en.pdf	150 mg unknown, oral dose: 150 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: UNKNOWN co-administered:	LEVAMISOLE plasma	Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN
2.85 h EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7166176/	2.5 mg/kg bw single, oral dose: 2.5 mg/kg bw route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:	LEVAMISOLE plasma	Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: MALE food status: FASTED
3.88 h EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7166176/	2.5 mg/kg bw single, oral dose: 2.5 mg/kg bw route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:	LEVAMISOLE plasma	Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE food status: FASTED
2.71 h EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7166176/	5 mg/kg bw single, oral dose: 5 mg/kg bw route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:	LEVAMISOLE plasma	Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: MALE food status: FASTED
3.72 h EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7166176/	2.5 mg/kg bw single, oral dose: 2.5 mg/kg bw route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:	LEVAMISOLE plasma	Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE food status: FASTED
6.04 h EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7166176/	2.5 mg/kg bw single, oral dose: 2.5 mg/kg bw route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:	LEVAMISOLE plasma	Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: MALE food status: FASTED
3.07 h OTHER GOV https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/withdrawal-report/withdrawal-assessment-report-elmisol_en.pdf	2.5 mg/kg bw 1 times / 2 days multiple, oral dose: 2.5 mg/kg bw route of administration: Oral experiment type: MULTIPLE co-administered:	LEVAMISOLE plasma	Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: CHILD sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN

F_unbound

Value	Dose	Co-administered	Analyte	Population
49% OTHER GOV https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/withdrawal-report/withdrawal-assessment-report-elmisol_en.pdf	150 mg unknown, oral dose: 150 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: UNKNOWN co-administered:		LEVAMISOLE plasma	Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN
49% OTHER GOV https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/withdrawal-report/withdrawal-assessment-report-elmisol_en.pdf	150 mg unknown, oral dose: 150 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: UNKNOWN co-administered:		LEVAMISOLE plasma	Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN

Doses

Dose	Population	Adverse events
50 mg 2 times / day multiple, oral Dose: 50 mg, 2 times / day Route: oral Route: multiple Dose: 50 mg, 2 times / day Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32851655	unhealthy, 15 years n = 1 Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: 15 years Sex: M Population Size: 1 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32851655	Disc. AE: Epidermal necrolysis... AEs leading to discontinuation/dose reduction: Epidermal necrolysis (1 patient) Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32851655
100 mg 1 times / day multiple, oral Dose: 100 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: multiple Dose: 100 mg, 1 times / day Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24552411	unhealthy, 34 years n = 1 Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: 34 years Sex: F Population Size: 1 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24552411	Disc. AE: Myopathy, Leukocytoclastic vasculitis... AEs leading to discontinuation/dose reduction: Myopathy (1 patient) Leukocytoclastic vasculitis (1 patient) Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24552411
250 mg single, intravenous Overdose Dose: 250 mg Route: intravenous Route: single Dose: 250 mg Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33180273	unknown, 52 years n = 1 Health Status: unknown Age Group: 52 years Sex: M Population Size: 1 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33180273	Other AEs: Adverse event... Other AEs: Adverse event (grade 5) Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33180273
3.5 mg/kg 1 times / day multiple, oral Highest studied dose Dose: 3.5 mg/kg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: multiple Dose: 3.5 mg/kg, 1 times / day Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11454092	unhealthy, 7-12 years n = 28 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: pediculosis capitis Age Group: 7-12 years Sex: F Population Size: 28 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11454092	Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11454092
150 mg 1 times / week multiple, oral Dose: 150 mg, 1 times / week Route: oral Route: multiple Dose: 150 mg, 1 times / week Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/923464 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/366143	unhealthy Health Status: unhealthy Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/923464 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/366143	Disc. AE: Agranulocytosis... AEs leading to discontinuation/dose reduction: Agranulocytosis Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/923464 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/366143

AEs

AE	Significance	Dose	Population
Epidermal necrolysis	1 patient Disc. AE	50 mg 2 times / day multiple, oral Dose: 50 mg, 2 times / day Route: oral Route: multiple Dose: 50 mg, 2 times / day Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32851655	unhealthy, 15 years n = 1 Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: 15 years Sex: M Population Size: 1 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32851655
Leukocytoclastic vasculitis	1 patient Disc. AE	100 mg 1 times / day multiple, oral Dose: 100 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: multiple Dose: 100 mg, 1 times / day Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24552411	unhealthy, 34 years n = 1 Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: 34 years Sex: F Population Size: 1 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24552411
Myopathy	1 patient Disc. AE	100 mg 1 times / day multiple, oral Dose: 100 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: multiple Dose: 100 mg, 1 times / day Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24552411	unhealthy, 34 years n = 1 Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: 34 years Sex: F Population Size: 1 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24552411
Adverse event	grade 5	250 mg single, intravenous Overdose Dose: 250 mg Route: intravenous Route: single Dose: 250 mg Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33180273	unknown, 52 years n = 1 Health Status: unknown Age Group: 52 years Sex: M Population Size: 1 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33180273
Agranulocytosis	Disc. AE	150 mg 1 times / week multiple, oral Dose: 150 mg, 1 times / week Route: oral Route: multiple Dose: 150 mg, 1 times / week Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/923464 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/366143	unhealthy Health Status: unhealthy Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/923464 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/366143

Sourcing

Vendor/Aggregator	ID	URL
ChEBI	CHEBI:6432	https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:6432
MolPort	MolPort-001-794-629	https://www.molport.com/shop/molecule-link/MolPort-001-794-629
ZINC	ZINC000000119839	http://zinc15.docking.org/substances/ZINC000000119839
eMolecules	29542986	https://www.emolecules.com/cgi-bin/more?vid=29542986

PubMed

Title	Date	PubMed
Chronic HBV infection. Immunomodulation with levamisole in viremic HBeAg positive or anti-HBe positive patients--a pilot study.	1999 Nov-Dec	10626183
Optimising the benefits of anthelmintic treatment in children.	2001	11513281
Comparison of worm control strategies in grazing sheep in Denmark.	2001	11455902
Investigating the role of immunomodulation for colon cancer prevention: results of an in vivo dose escalation trial of levamisole with immunologic endpoints.	2001	11341354
Levamisole induced ataxia.	2001 Apr	11313517
Alkaline phosphatase activity in whitefly salivary glands and saliva.	2001 Apr	11304750
Treatment of Behçet's disease--an update.	2001 Apr	11303303
Genes affecting the activity of nicotinic receptors involved in Caenorhabditis elegans egg-laying behavior.	2001 Apr	11290716
Indirect atomic absorption determination of atropine, diphenhydramine, tolazoline, and levamisole based on formation of ion-associates with potassium tetraiodometrcurate.	2001 Apr	11274852
Molecular predictors of survival after adjuvant chemotherapy for colon cancer.	2001 Apr 19	11309634
Oral bioavailability of levamisole in goats.	2001 Dec	11903875
Prevalence of anthelmintic resistance in gastrointestinal nematodes of dairy goats under extensive management conditions in southwestern France.	2001 Dec	11818048
Regulation of distinct muscle behaviors controls the C. elegans male's copulatory spicules during mating.	2001 Dec 14	11747813
A United Kingdom coordinating committee on cancer research study of adjuvant chemotherapy for colorectal cancer: preliminary results.	2001 Feb	11273587
Fourth International Conference on Colorectal Cancer: adjuvant treatment of colon cancer--introduction.	2001 Feb	11273583
[Evaluation of clinical data and immuno-modulating treatment of patients with oral lichen planus].	2001 Feb	11262802
Value and cost of follow-up after adjuvant treatment of patients with Dukes' C colonic cancer.	2001 Jan	11136320
Adjuvant chemotherapy for colon cancer: the US experience.	2001 Jan-Feb	11300040
[Colonic cancer. Adjuvant therapy: the Italian experience].	2001 Jan-Feb	11300038
LC determination of the enantiomeric purity of levamisole using stationary phase with bonded naphthylethylcarbamoylated-beta-cyclodextrin.	2001 Jun	11377020
Control of anthelmintic resistant endoparasites in a commercial sheep flock through parasite community replacement.	2001 Jun 12	11390074
Anthelmintic resistance on goat farms in Georgia: efficacy of anthelmintics against gastrointestinal nematodes in two selected goat herds.	2001 Jun 28	11390079
Hepatobiliary and pancreatic ascariasis.	2001 Mar	11293175
[Chemotherapy of colonic carcinoma in the year 2001].	2001 Mar 22	11324309
Immunosuppressive agents in childhood nephrotic syndrome: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.	2001 May	11318964
Levamisole and/or Chinese medicinal herbs can modulate the serum level of squamous cell carcinoma associated antigen in patients with erosive oral lichen planus.	2001 Oct	11555157
Alkaline phosphatase from rat liver and kidney is differentially modulated.	2001 Sep	11676975
Are Teladorsagia circumcincta (Nematoda) morphs equally able to survive under anthelmintic treatment in sheep on pastures?	2001 Sep	11570550
Response shift in the perception of health for utility evaluation. an explorative investigation.	2001 Sep	11549425
Genetic variability following selection of Haemonchus contortus with anthelmintics.	2001 Sep	11530357
Population genetics and drug resistance in nematode.	2001 Sep	11530342
[Treatment of dystrophy, dysplasia and initial stages of vulvar carcinoma in virus infections].	2002	11944391
Effect in vitro of cyclic nucleotides-elevating agents on nitric oxide production by human granulocytes from type 2-diabetic patients.	2002 Feb	11938028
Influence of some substances on bacterial translocation in the rat.	2002 Jan	11898026
Prevalence of levamisole and benzimidazole resistance in oesophagostomum populations of pig-breeding farms in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.	2002 Jan	11822739
Necessity of enzymatic activity of alkaline phosphatase for mineralization of osteoblastic cells.	2002 Mar	11949880
Superantigen reactive Vbeta6+ T cells induce perforin/granzyme B mediated caspase-independent apoptosis in tumour cells.	2002 Mar 4	11875749

Patents

Sample Use Guides

In Vivo Use Guide

The combination of ERGAMISOL (levamisole hydrochloride) and 5-fluorouracil is administered according to the following dosage schedule: Initial Therapy: Week 1 (3rd to 4th week post surgery): 5-fluorouracil 450 mg/m² i.v. push days 1 –5 and ERGAMISOL 50 mg orally t.i.d days 1 –3; Week 3 only ERGAMISOL 50 mg orally t.i.d days 1 –3. Therapy should commence 3 –4 weeks post surgery. 5-Fluorouracil (450 mg/m²) is administered by rapid i.v. injection for the first 5 days of Week 1. ERGAMISOL 50 mg tablet is administered orally three times a day for the first 3 days of Week 1, and again on the first 3 days of Week 3.

Route of Administration: Oral

In Vitro Use Guide

It was examined the immunological effects of levamisole in vitro. Experiments utilized peripheral blood mononuclear cells from normal donors incubated in the presence of increasing concentrations of levamisole (0.1 to 100 micrograms/ml). Levamisole had no consistent effect on induction of 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase activity or indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase activity, or production of tumor necrosis factor. Levamisole had no effect on monocyte cytotoxicity or expression of HLA-DR, HLA-DQ, HLA-DP, and the Fc receptor. Similarly, levamisole had no significant effect on NK or LAK cytotoxicity or the immunological activation of T-lymphocytes, assessed by expression of CD3, CD4, CD8, CD16, CD25, and CD56. No significant enhancement in the expression of three tumor-associated antigens (880364, NRCO-4, and ING-1) and the intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) antigen on four human cancer cell lines was observed following in vitro exposure to levamisole. In conclusion, was revealed, that levamisole was not a potent modulator of the immune parameters.

Substance Class	Chemical Created by `admin` on `Fri Dec 15 15:05:30 GMT 2023` Edited by `admin` on `Fri Dec 15 15:05:30 GMT 2023`
Record UNII	2880D3468G
Record Status	`Validated (UNII)`
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Name

Type

Language

LEVAMISOLE

Official Name

English

(-)-2,3,5,6-TETRAHYDRO-6-PHENYLIMIDAZO(2,1-B)THIAZOLE

Systematic Name

English

LEVAMISOLE [VANDF]

Common Name

English

LEVAMISOLE [MI]

Common Name

English

Levamisole [WHO-DD]

Common Name

English

levamisole [INN]

Common Name

English

KETRAX

Brand Name

English

LEVAMISOLE [GREEN BOOK]

Common Name

English

IMIDAZO(2,1-B)THIAZOLE, 2,3,5,6-TETRAHYDRO-6-PHENYL-, (S)-

Systematic Name

English

LEVAMISOL

Common Name

English

TETRAMISOLE, (S)-

Common Name

English

LEVAMISOLE [MART.]

Common Name

English

Classification Tree Code System Code

WHO-ESSENTIAL MEDICINES LIST

6.1.1