Details
| Stereochemistry | ACHIRAL |
| Molecular Formula | C7H8N4O2.C7H4O3.2Na |
| Molecular Weight | 362.2484 |
| Optical Activity | NONE |
| Defined Stereocenters | 0 / 0 |
| E/Z Centers | 0 |
| Charge | 0 |
SHOW SMILES / InChI
SMILES
[Na+].[Na+].[O-]C(=O)C1=C([O-])C=CC=C1.CN2C=NC3=C2C(=O)NC(=O)N3C
InChI
InChIKey=KVOQALVUGACULC-UHFFFAOYSA-L
InChI=1S/C7H8N4O2.C7H6O3.2Na/c1-10-3-8-5-4(10)6(12)9-7(13)11(5)2;8-6-4-2-1-3-5(6)7(9)10;;/h3H,1-2H3,(H,9,12,13);1-4,8H,(H,9,10);;/q;;2*+1/p-2
Theobromine is the primary alkaloid present in the cocoa and chocolate. Theobromine is found in the shells and beans of the cacao plant and it is extracted from the husks of the bean and used for the synthesis of caffeine. Theobromine is an adenosine A1 and A2a receptor antagonist. Thesodate is used as a vasodilator, a diuretic, and heart stimulant. And similar to caffeine, it may be useful in management of fatigue and orthostatic hypotension. The symptomatic adverse reactions produced by theobromine are more or less tolerable and if they become severe, they can be treated symptomatically, these include anxiety, restlessness, tremors, sleeplessness, nausea and vomiting, loss of appetite. Theobromine is currently not in use as a medicinal drug.
CNS Activity
Originator
Approval Year
Targets
| Primary Target | Pharmacology | Condition | Potency |
|---|---|---|---|
Target ID: P30543 Gene ID: 25369.0 Gene Symbol: Adora2a Target Organism: Rattus norvegicus (Rat) |
250.0 µM [IC50] | ||
Target ID: CHEMBL318 |
120.0 µM [Ki] | ||
Target ID: P05177 Gene ID: 1544.0 Gene Symbol: CYP1A2 Target Organism: Homo sapiens (Human) |
|||
Target ID: P05181 Gene ID: 1571.0 Gene Symbol: CYP2E1 Target Organism: Homo sapiens (Human) |
Conditions
| Condition | Modality | Targets | Highest Phase | Product |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | Thesodate Approved UseTheobromine was used as a diuretic and in the treatment of angina pectoris and hypertension. |
|||
| Palliative | Unknown Approved UseUnknown |
|||
| Primary | Thesodate Approved UseTheobromine used as a diuretic and in the treatment of angina pectoris and hypertension |
Cmax
| Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
8.38 μg/mL EXPERIMENT https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27662634 |
4 mg/kg bw single, intravenous dose: 4 mg/kg bw route of administration: Intravenous experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
THEOBROMINE plasma | Equus caballus population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN |
AUC
| Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
92 μg × h/mL EXPERIMENT https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27662634 |
4 mg/kg bw single, intravenous dose: 4 mg/kg bw route of administration: Intravenous experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
THEOBROMINE plasma | Equus caballus population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN |
|
13351 mg × min/L EXPERIMENT https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6729831 |
50 mg/kg bw single, oral dose: 50 mg/kg bw route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
THEOBROMINE plasma | Rattus norvegicus population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: MALE food status: FASTED |
T1/2
| Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
15.7 h EXPERIMENT https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27662634 |
4 mg/kg bw single, intravenous dose: 4 mg/kg bw route of administration: Intravenous experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
THEOBROMINE plasma | Equus caballus population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN |
|
4.23 h EXPERIMENT https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6729831 |
50 mg/kg bw single, oral dose: 50 mg/kg bw route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
THEOBROMINE plasma | Rattus norvegicus population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: MALE food status: FASTED |
Funbound
| Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
88% EXPERIMENT https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6729831 |
50 mg/kg bw single, oral dose: 50 mg/kg bw route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
THEOBROMINE plasma | Rattus norvegicus population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: MALE food status: FASTED |
PubMed
| Title | Date | PubMed |
|---|---|---|
| Identification and quantification of drugs in human amniotic fluid. | 1975 Nov |
|
| Biotransformation of caffeine, paraxanthine, theobromine and theophylline by cDNA-expressed human CYP1A2 and CYP2E1. | 1992 Apr |
|
| Medicinal and ethnoveterinary remedies of hunters in Trinidad. | 2001 |
|
| Minoxidil-induced hair growth is mediated by adenosine in cultured dermal papilla cells: possible involvement of sulfonylurea receptor 2B as a target of minoxidil. | 2001 Dec |
|
| Adenosine modulates Mg(2+) uptake in distal convoluted tubule cells via A(1) and A(2) purinoceptors. | 2001 Dec |
|
| Regulation of K(+) current in human airway epithelial cells by exogenous and autocrine adenosine. | 2001 Dec |
|
| Simultaneous determination of artificial sweeteners, preservatives, caffeine, theobromine and theophylline in food and pharmaceutical preparations by ion chromatography. | 2001 Dec 7 |
|
| Effect of adenosine A1 and A2 receptor stimulation on hypoxia-induced convulsions in adult mice. | 2001 Jan-Feb |
|
| [Simultaneous determination of various food additives by high performance liquid chromatography]. | 2001 Mar |
|
| A novel analgesic compound OT-7100 attenuates nociceptive responses in animal models of inflammatory and neuropathic hyperalgesia: a possible involvement of adenosinergic anti-nociception. | 2001 Nov |
|
| In vivo effects of adenosine A(2) receptor agonist and antagonist on neuronal and astrocytic intermediary metabolism studied with ex vivo (13)C MR spectroscopy. | 2001 Nov |
|
| Effects of phenothiazine neuroleptics on the rate of caffeine demethylation and hydroxylation in the rat liver. | 2001 Nov-Dec |
|
| Nanoparticles in plant extracts--factors which influence the formation of nanoparticles in black tea infusions. | 2001 Oct |
|
| A TLC visualisation reagent for dimethylamphetamine and other abused tertiary amines. | 2001 Oct-Dec |
|
| Determination of theophylline by HPLC and GC-IDMS, the effect of chemically similar xanthine derivatives on the specificity of the method and the possibility of paracetamol as interfering substance. | 2002 |
|
| Salt effects on caffeine solubility, distribution, and self-association. | 2002 Apr |
|
| Caffeine potentiates the discriminative-stimulus effects of nicotine in rats. | 2002 Aug |
|
| Group I aptazymes as genetic regulatory switches. | 2002 Dec 4 |
|
| Platinum complexes of oxopurines: cis-bis(theophyllinato-N7)bis(triphenylphosphine)platinum(II) and cis-chloro(theobrominato-N1)bis(triphenylphosphine)platinum(II) ethanol hemisolvate. | 2002 Feb |
|
| Activation of adenosine A2a receptor pathway reduces leukocyte infiltration but enhances edema formation in rat caerulein pancreatitis. | 2002 Jan |
|
| Electronic structure of some adenosine receptor antagonists. III. Quantitative investigation of the electronic absorption spectra of alkyl xanthines. | 2002 Jul |
|
| Inhibition of vaccinia virus replication by adenosine in BSC-40 cells: involvement of A(2) receptor-mediated PKA activation. | 2002 Jul |
|
| Cacao usage by the earliest Maya civilization. | 2002 Jul 18 |
|
| High-performance capillary electrophoresis analysis of mate infusions prepared from stems and leaves of Ilex paraguariensis using automated micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography. | 2002 Jul-Aug |
|
| Pharmacology of ephedra alkaloids and caffeine after single-dose dietary supplement use. | 2002 Jun |
|
| Selective solid-phase extraction sorbent for caffeine made by molecular imprinting. | 2002 Mar 1 |
|
| Study of catechin and xanthine tea profiles as geographical tracers. | 2002 Mar 27 |
|
| Adenosine inhibits calcium channel currents via A1 receptors on salamander retinal ganglion cells in a mini-slice preparation. | 2002 May |
|
| Spinal noradrenergic activation mediates allodynia reduction from an allosteric adenosine modulator in a rat model of neuropathic pain. | 2002 May |
|
| Adenosine acts through an A3 receptor to prevent the induction of murine anti-CD3-activated killer T cells. | 2002 May 20 |
|
| Value assignment of nutrient concentrations in standard reference material 2384 baking chocolate. | 2002 Nov 20 |
|
| Role of extracellular ATP metabolism in regulation of platelet reactivity. | 2002 Sep |
|
| Chocolate feeding of pregnant mice influences length of limbs of their progeny. | 2003 |
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| RNA binding efficacy of theophylline, theobromine and caffeine. | 2003 Apr |
|
| De-intercalation of ethidium bromide and acridine orange by xanthine derivatives and their modulatory effect on anticancer agents: a study of DNA-directed toxicity enlightened by time correlated single photon counting. | 2003 Apr |
|
| Effect of naturally occurring plant phenolics on the induction of drug metabolizing enzymes by o-toluidine. | 2003 Apr 15 |
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| Polydeoxyribonucleotide (PDRN) promotes human osteoblast proliferation: a new proposal for bone tissue repair. | 2003 Aug 29 |
|
| Antagonism of adenosine receptors by caffeine and caffeine metabolites in equine forebrain tissues. | 2003 Feb |
|
| Researching on new species of "Mate": Ilex brevicuspis: phytochemical and pharmacology study. | 2003 Jan |
|
| Isolation of a new dual-functional caffeine synthase gene encoding an enzyme for the conversion of 7-methylxanthine to caffeine from coffee (Coffea arabica L.). | 2003 Jan 16 |
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| Regional differences in the adenosine A(2) receptor-mediated modulation of contractions in rat vas deferens. | 2003 Jan 24 |
|
| Intraspinal adenosine induces spinal cord norepinephrine release in spinal nerve-ligated rats but not in normal or sham controls. | 2003 Jun |
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| Producing decaffeinated coffee plants. | 2003 Jun 19 |
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| Endogenous adenosine prevents post-tetanic release facilitation mediated by alpha3beta2 nicotinic autoreceptors. | 2003 Mar 19 |
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| Inhibition of caffeine biosynthesis in tea (Camellia sinensis) and coffee (Coffea arabica) plants by ribavirin. | 2003 Nov 20 |
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| Adenosinergic protection of dopaminergic and GABAergic neurons against mitochondrial inhibition through receptors located in the substantia nigra and striatum, respectively. | 2003 Nov 26 |
|
| Study on inclusion complex of cyclodextrin with methyl xanthine derivatives by fluorimetry. | 2003 Oct |
|
| Purine alkaloids in Paullinia. | 2003 Oct |
|
| Adenosine kinase inhibitors. 3. Synthesis, SAR, and antiinflammatory activity of a series of l-lyxofuranosyl nucleosides. | 2003 Oct 23 |
|
| Antioxidant and prooxidant properties of caffeine, theobromine and xanthine. | 2003 Sep |
Patents
Sample Use Guides
1 tablet (500 mg of theobromide sodium acetate) 3–4 times daily
Route of Administration:
Oral
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Common Name | English |
| Code System | Code | Type | Description | ||
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236926
Created by
admin on Sat Dec 16 00:30:54 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Sat Dec 16 00:30:54 GMT 2023
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PRIMARY | RxNorm | ||
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O42S49LAA4
Created by
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54721905
Created by
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8048-31-5
Created by
admin on Sat Dec 16 00:30:54 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Sat Dec 16 00:30:54 GMT 2023
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PRIMARY |
ACTIVE MOIETY
PARENT (SALT/SOLVATE)
SUBSTANCE RECORD
