DescriptionSources: http://www.hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB41827
Sources: http://www.hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB41827
The ammonium cation is a positively charged polyatomic ion with the chemical formula NH4+. Ammonium ions are a waste product of the metabolism of animals. In fish and aquatic invertebrates, it is excreted directly into the water. In mammals, sharks, and amphibians, it is converted in the urea cycle to urea, because urea is less toxic and can be stored more efficiently. In birds, reptiles, and terrestrial snails, metabolic ammonium is converted into uric acid, which is solid and can therefore be excreted with minimal water loss. Ammonium is an important source of nitrogen for many plant species, especially those growing on hypoxic soils. However, it is also toxic to most crop species and is rarely applied as a sole nitrogen source. The ammonium ion (NH4+) in the body plays an important role in the maintenance of acid-base balance. The kidney uses ammonium (NH4+) in place of sodium (Na+) to combine with fixed anions in maintaining acid-base balance, especially as a homeostatic compensatory mechanism in metabolic acidosis. When a loss of hydrogen ions (H+) occurs and serum chloride (Cl–) decreases, sodium is made available for combination with bicarbonate (HCO3–). This creates an excess of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) which leads to a rise in blood pH and a state of metabolic alkalosis. The therapeutic effects of Ammonium (as Ammonium Chloride) depend upon the ability of the kidney to utilize ammonia in the excretion of an excess of fixed anions and the conversion of ammonia to urea by the liver, thereby liberating hydrogen (H+) and chloride (Cl–) ions into the extracellular fluid.
CNS Activity
Approval Year
PubMed
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Acute changes of blood ammonia may predict short-term adverse effects of valproic acid. | 1984 Nov |
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Cytoprotective effect of plasmin inhibitor on necrotizing agent-induced gastric lesions in rats. | 1989 May |
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Alterations of neurotransmitter-related gene expression in human and experimental portal-systemic encephalopathy. | 1998 Dec |
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Carnitine deficiency and hyperammonemia in children receiving valproic acid with and without other anticonvulsant drugs. | 1999 |
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Inhibition of HIV-1 infection by zinc group metal compounds. | 1999 Sep |
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Influence of ammonia on sodium absorption in rat proximal colon. | 2000 Aug |
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Ammonia-induced heme oxygenase-1 expression in cultured rat astrocytes and rat brain in vivo. | 2002 Dec |
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Ammonia prevents glutamate-induced but not low K(+)-induced apoptosis in cerebellar neurons in culture. | 2003 |
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Plasma urea-cycle-related amino acids, ammonium levels, and urinary orotic acid excretion in short-bowel patients managed with an oral diet. | 2003 Feb |
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Hepatocyte dysfunction and hepatic encephalopathy in Plasmodium falciparum malaria. | 2003 Jul |
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Acute ammonia intoxication induces an NMDA receptor-mediated increase in poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase level and NAD metabolism in nuclei of rat brain cells. | 2004 Jun |
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Chronic exposure to ammonia alters the modulation of phosphorylation of microtubule-associated protein 2 by metabotropic glutamate receptors 1 and 5 in cerebellar neurons in culture. | 2005 |
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Cerebral ammonia uptake and accumulation during prolonged exercise in humans. | 2005 Feb 15 |
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Effect of the herbal medicine Dai-kenchu-to for serum ammonia in hepatectomized patients. | 2005 Jan-Feb |
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Anti-inflammatory effects of inhibiting the amine oxidase activity of semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase. | 2005 Nov |
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Role of ammonia and nitric oxide in the decrease in plasma prolactin levels in prehepatic portal hypertensive male rats. | 2006 |
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Renal expression of the ammonia transporters, Rhbg and Rhcg, in response to chronic metabolic acidosis. | 2006 Feb |
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[The most frequent allergens in allergic contact dermatitis]. | 2006 Jul 14 |
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Encephalopathy and cerebral edema in the setting of acute liver failure: pathogenesis and management. | 2008 |
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Ammonia inhibits the C-type natriuretic peptide-dependent cyclic GMP synthesis and calcium accumulation in a rat brain endothelial cell line. | 2008 May |
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Collecting duct-specific Rh C glycoprotein deletion alters basal and acidosis-stimulated renal ammonia excretion. | 2009 Jun |
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Ammonia and proinflammatory cytokines modify expression of genes coding for astrocytic proteins implicated in brain edema in acute liver failure. | 2010 Mar |
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Resveratrol prevents ammonia toxicity in astroglial cells. | 2012 |
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Molecular characterization of branchial aquaporin 1aa and effects of seawater acclimation, emersion or ammonia exposure on its mRNA expression in the gills, gut, kidney and skin of the freshwater climbing perch, Anabas testudineus. | 2013 |
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Lipoic acid protects C6 cells against ammonia exposure through Na⁺-K⁺-Cl⁻ co-transporter and PKC pathway. | 2013 Oct |
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Ammonia impairs glutamatergic communication in astroglial cells: protective role of resveratrol. | 2015 Dec |
Sample Use Guides
In Vivo Use Guide
Sources: https://www.drugs.com/pro/ammonium-chloride.html
Solutions for intravenous infusion should not exceed a concentration of 1% to 2% of Ammonium Chloride.
Dosage is dependent upon the condition and tolerance of the patient. It is recommended that the contents of one to two vials (100 to 200 mEq) be added to 500 or 1000 mL of isotonic (0.9%) sodium chloride injection. The rate of intravenous infusion should not exceed 5 mL per minute in adults (approximately 3 hours for infusion of 1000 mL). Dosage should be monitored by repeated serum bicarbonate determinations.
Route of Administration:
Intravenous
In Vitro Use Guide
Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25342595
HepG2 is a human HCC line purchased from ATCC and was cultured in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) supplemented with 20 % fetal bovine serum (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA). HCC cells were treated with rapamycin (100 mkM) as an autophagy inducer and ammonium chloride (NH4Cl, 10mkM) as an autophagy inhibitor. NH4Cl inhibited rapamycin-induced autophagy in HCC cells.
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CFR |
21 CFR 184.1137
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EPA PESTICIDE CODE |
73501
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m1775
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C82281
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1310190
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C45678
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SUB12875MIG
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CHEMBL2105849
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8000-73-5
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AMMONIUM CARBONATE
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1029942
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All of the following components must be present:
ACTIVE MOIETY
SUBSTANCE RECORD