Details
Stereochemistry | ACHIRAL |
Molecular Formula | C27H22Cl2N4 |
Molecular Weight | 473.396 |
Optical Activity | NONE |
Defined Stereocenters | 0 / 0 |
E/Z Centers | 1 |
Charge | 0 |
SHOW SMILES / InChI
SMILES
CC(C)\N=C1/C=C2N(C3=CC=C(Cl)C=C3)C4=CC=CC=C4N=C2C=C1NC5=CC=C(Cl)C=C5
InChI
InChIKey=WDQPAMHFFCXSNU-BGABXYSRSA-N
InChI=1S/C27H22Cl2N4/c1-17(2)30-24-16-27-25(15-23(24)31-20-11-7-18(28)8-12-20)32-22-5-3-4-6-26(22)33(27)21-13-9-19(29)10-14-21/h3-17,31H,1-2H3/b30-24+
DescriptionCurator's Comment: description was created based on several sources, including
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/68002991
Curator's Comment: description was created based on several sources, including
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/68002991
Clofazimine (Lamprene®) is a fat-soluble riminophenazine dye used for the treatment of leprosy. It has been used investigationally in combination with other antimycobacterial drugs to treat Mycobacterium avium infections in AIDS patients. Clofazimine (Lamprene®) exerts a slow bactericidal effect on Mycobacterium leprae (Hansen’s bacillus). It inhibits mycobacterial growth and binds preferentially to mycobacterial DNA. It also exerts anti-inflammatory properties in controlling erythema nodosum leprosum reactions. However, its precise mechanisms of action are unknown.
CNS Activity
Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4429181
Curator's Comment: Clofazimine crosses the placenta and, albeit in very small amounts, the blood-brain barrier.
Originator
Approval Year
Targets
Primary Target | Pharmacology | Condition | Potency |
---|---|---|---|
Target ID: CHEMBL2366041 |
Conditions
Condition | Modality | Targets | Highest Phase | Product |
---|---|---|---|---|
Curative | LAMPRENE Approved UseLamprene is indicated in the treatment of lepromatous leprosy, including dapsone-resistant lepromatous leprosy and lepromatous leprosy complicated by erythema nodosum leprosum. Lamprene has not been demonstrated to be effective in the treatment of other leprosy-associated inflammatory reactions. Launch Date5.34988784E11 |
Cmax
Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
---|---|---|---|---|
469 pmol/g EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3559339/ |
200 mg single, oral dose: 200 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
CLOFAZIMINE plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: MALE food status: FASTED |
|
604 pmol/g EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3559339/ |
200 mg single, oral dose: 200 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
CLOFAZIMINE plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: MALE food status: FED |
|
861 pmol/g EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3559339/ |
200 mg single, oral dose: 200 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
CLOFAZIMINE plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: MALE food status: FED |
|
0.5 mg/L |
300 mg 3 times / week multiple, oral dose: 300 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: MULTIPLE co-administered: |
CLOFAZIMINE plasma | Homo sapiens population: UNKNOWN age: UNKNOWN sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN |
|
0.7 mg/L |
100 mg 1 times / day multiple, oral dose: 100 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: MULTIPLE co-administered: |
CLOFAZIMINE plasma | Homo sapiens population: UNKNOWN age: UNKNOWN sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN |
|
1 mg/L |
300 mg 1 times / day multiple, oral dose: 300 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: MULTIPLE co-administered: |
CLOFAZIMINE plasma | Homo sapiens population: UNKNOWN age: UNKNOWN sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN |
|
1.4 mg/L |
400 mg 1 times / day multiple, oral dose: 400 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: MULTIPLE co-administered: |
CLOFAZIMINE plasma | Homo sapiens population: UNKNOWN age: UNKNOWN sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN |
AUC
Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
---|---|---|---|---|
18000 pmol × h/g EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3559339/ |
200 mg single, oral dose: 200 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
CLOFAZIMINE plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: MALE food status: FASTED |
|
29100 pmol × h/g EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3559339/ |
200 mg single, oral dose: 200 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
CLOFAZIMINE plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: MALE food status: FED |
|
33900 pmol × h/g EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3559339/ |
200 mg single, oral dose: 200 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
CLOFAZIMINE plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: MALE food status: FED |
T1/2
Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
---|---|---|---|---|
10.6 day EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3559339/ |
200 mg single, oral dose: 200 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
CLOFAZIMINE plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: MALE food status: FED |
Doses
Dose | Population | Adverse events |
---|---|---|
200 mg single, oral Highest studied dose Dose: 200 mg Route: oral Route: single Dose: 200 mg Sources: Page: p.1986 |
unhealthy, 30-60 n = 6 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Lepromatous leprosy Age Group: 30-60 Sex: M Population Size: 6 Sources: Page: p.1986 |
|
100 mg 1 times / day steady, oral Recommended Dose: 100 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 100 mg, 1 times / day Sources: Page: p.1 |
unhealthy Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Lepromatous leprosy Sources: Page: p.1 |
Other AEs: Gastrointestinal obstruction, Gastrointestinal bleeding... Other AEs: Gastrointestinal obstruction (grade 3-5) Sources: Page: p.1Gastrointestinal bleeding (grade 3-5) Splenic infarction (grade 3-5) QT interval prolonged Torsade de pointes Discoloration urine Depression Suicidal ideation |
100 mg 1 times / day steady, oral Recommended Dose: 100 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 100 mg, 1 times / day Sources: Page: p.1, p.3 |
unhealthy Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Lepromatous leprosy Sources: Page: p.1, p.3 |
Other AEs: Skin discoloration... Other AEs: Skin discoloration (75-100) Sources: Page: p.1, p.3 |
100 mg 1 times / day steady, oral Recommended Dose: 100 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 100 mg, 1 times / day Sources: Page: p.3 |
unhealthy Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Lepromatous leprosy Sources: Page: p.3 |
Other AEs: Ichthyosis, Dry skin... Other AEs: Ichthyosis Sources: Page: p.3Dry skin Pruritus |
200 mg single, oral Recommended Dose: 200 mg Route: oral Route: single Dose: 200 mg Sources: Page: p.4 |
unhealthy Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Lepromatous leprosy Sources: Page: p.4 |
AEs
AE | Significance | Dose | Population |
---|---|---|---|
Depression | 100 mg 1 times / day steady, oral Recommended Dose: 100 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 100 mg, 1 times / day Sources: Page: p.1 |
unhealthy Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Lepromatous leprosy Sources: Page: p.1 |
|
Discoloration urine | 100 mg 1 times / day steady, oral Recommended Dose: 100 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 100 mg, 1 times / day Sources: Page: p.1 |
unhealthy Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Lepromatous leprosy Sources: Page: p.1 |
|
QT interval prolonged | 100 mg 1 times / day steady, oral Recommended Dose: 100 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 100 mg, 1 times / day Sources: Page: p.1 |
unhealthy Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Lepromatous leprosy Sources: Page: p.1 |
|
Suicidal ideation | 100 mg 1 times / day steady, oral Recommended Dose: 100 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 100 mg, 1 times / day Sources: Page: p.1 |
unhealthy Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Lepromatous leprosy Sources: Page: p.1 |
|
Torsade de pointes | 100 mg 1 times / day steady, oral Recommended Dose: 100 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 100 mg, 1 times / day Sources: Page: p.1 |
unhealthy Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Lepromatous leprosy Sources: Page: p.1 |
|
Gastrointestinal bleeding | grade 3-5 | 100 mg 1 times / day steady, oral Recommended Dose: 100 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 100 mg, 1 times / day Sources: Page: p.1 |
unhealthy Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Lepromatous leprosy Sources: Page: p.1 |
Gastrointestinal obstruction | grade 3-5 | 100 mg 1 times / day steady, oral Recommended Dose: 100 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 100 mg, 1 times / day Sources: Page: p.1 |
unhealthy Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Lepromatous leprosy Sources: Page: p.1 |
Splenic infarction | grade 3-5 | 100 mg 1 times / day steady, oral Recommended Dose: 100 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 100 mg, 1 times / day Sources: Page: p.1 |
unhealthy Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Lepromatous leprosy Sources: Page: p.1 |
Skin discoloration | 75-100 | 100 mg 1 times / day steady, oral Recommended Dose: 100 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 100 mg, 1 times / day Sources: Page: p.1, p.3 |
unhealthy Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Lepromatous leprosy Sources: Page: p.1, p.3 |
Dry skin | 100 mg 1 times / day steady, oral Recommended Dose: 100 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 100 mg, 1 times / day Sources: Page: p.3 |
unhealthy Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Lepromatous leprosy Sources: Page: p.3 |
|
Ichthyosis | 100 mg 1 times / day steady, oral Recommended Dose: 100 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 100 mg, 1 times / day Sources: Page: p.3 |
unhealthy Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Lepromatous leprosy Sources: Page: p.3 |
|
Pruritus | 100 mg 1 times / day steady, oral Recommended Dose: 100 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 100 mg, 1 times / day Sources: Page: p.3 |
unhealthy Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Lepromatous leprosy Sources: Page: p.3 |
Overview
CYP3A4 | CYP2C9 | CYP2D6 | hERG |
---|---|---|---|
Drug as perpetrator
Target | Modality | Activity | Metabolite | Clinical evidence |
---|---|---|---|---|
strong [IC50 1.8 uM] | ||||
strong [IC50 3.2 uM] | ||||
strong [IC50 6.8 uM] | ||||
yes [IC50 0.275 uM] | no (co-administration study) Comment: No clinically significant differences in the pharmacokinetics of the following drugs were observed when used concomitantly with clofazimine: dapsone or rifampicin Page: 4.0 |
|||
Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19520776/ Page: 7.0 |
yes [IC50 2.3 uM] | |||
yes [IC50 4.54 uM] | no (co-administration study) Comment: No clinically significant differences in the pharmacokinetics of the following drugs were observed when used concomitantly with clofazimine: dapsone or rifampicin Page: 4.0 |
|||
yes |
PubMed
Title | Date | PubMed |
---|---|---|
Spectrum of drugs against atypical mycobacteria: how valid is the current practice of drug susceptibility testing and the choice of drugs? | 1992 Dec |
|
In-vivo activity of streptomycin and clofazimine against established infections of Mycobacterium avium complex in beige mice. | 1992 Dec |
|
[Immuno-allergic accidents with rifamipcin]. | 2001-2002 |
|
Clinical management of pyoderma gangrenosum. | 2002 |
|
Treatment of Hansen's disease. | 2002 Apr 1 |
|
Biochemical and hematological side effects of clofazimine in leprosy patients. | 2002 Aug |
|
Pyoderma gangrenosum: a report of 21 cases. | 2002 Feb |
|
Treatment with drugs active against Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis can heal Crohn's disease: more evidence for a neglected public health tragedy. | 2002 Jan |
|
Treatment of severe Crohn's disease using antimycobacterial triple therapy--approaching a cure? | 2002 Jan |
|
Advances in the diagnosis and treatment of leprosy. | 2002 Jul 22 |
|
Pulsed corticosteroid therapy in patients with chronic recurrent ENL: a pilot study. | 2002 Jul-Sep |
|
Successful treatment of postoperative pyoderma gangrenosum with cyclosporin. | 2002 Mar |
|
[Sucessful treatment with clofazimine and itraconazole in a 46 year old patient after 32 years duration of disease]. | 2002 Oct |
|
Bullous reaction in leprosy: a rare phenomenon. | 2002 Sep |
|
[Adverse effects of multidrug therapy in leprosy patients: a five-year survey at a Health Center of the Federal University of Uberlândia]. | 2002 Sep-Oct |
|
[Histoid leprosy with erythema nodosum leprosum]. | 2003 |
|
[Hansen's disease in the laboratory]. | 2003 |
|
Probing cell chemistry with time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry: development and exploitation of instrumentation for studies of frozen-hydrated biological material. | 2003 |
|
[A case of lepromatous type Hansen's disease]. | 2003 Aug |
|
Dapsone induced cholangitis as a part of dapsone syndrome: a case report. | 2003 Aug 11 |
|
Long-term efficacy of 2 year WHO multiple drug therapy (MDT) in multibacillary (MB) leprosy patients. | 2003 Dec |
|
Chronic recurrent ENL, steroid dependent: long-term treatment with high dose clofazimine. | 2003 Dec |
|
Leprosy in a Mexican immigrant. | 2003 Jul |
|
Efficacy of clofazimine-modified cyclodextrin against Mycobacterium avium complex in human macrophages. | 2003 Jul 9 |
|
Effectiveness of multidrug therapy in multibacillary leprosy: a long-term follow-up of 34 multibacillary leprosy patients treated with multidrug regimens till skin smear negativity. | 2003 Jun |
|
Disseminated Mycobacterium chelonae cutaneous infection: recalcitrant to combined antibiotic therapy. | 2003 Jun |
|
A retrospective study regarding the treatment of lupoid onychodystrophy in 30 dogs and literature review. | 2003 Mar-Apr |
|
[Leprosy in Brazil]. | 2003 May-Jun |
|
Invasive Mycobacterium marinum infections. | 2003 Nov |
|
Viability and drug susceptibility testing of M. leprae using mouse footpad in 37 relapse cases of leprosy. | 2003 Sep |
|
Determination of clofazimine in leprosy patients by high-performance liquid chromatography. | 2003 Sep |
|
Along these lines.. | 2003 Sep |
|
Use of infliximab, an anti-tumor necrosis alpha antibody, for inflammatory dermatoses. | 2003 Sep-Oct |
|
Optimal management of recalcitrant disorders of hyperpigmentation in dark-skinned patients. | 2004 |
|
Human case of lobomycosis. | 2004 Apr |
|
Regression of Novikoff rat hepatocellular carcinoma following locoregional administration of a novel formulation of clofazimine in lipiodol. | 2004 Apr 15 |
|
Morbihan's disease: treatment with CO2 laser blepharoplasty. | 2004 Feb |
|
A microplate indicator-based method for determining the susceptibility of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis to antimicrobial agents. | 2004 Feb |
|
[Guideline for the treatment of leprosy by new quinolones]. | 2004 Feb |
|
Parallel assessment of 24 monthly doses of rifampin, ofloxacin, and minocycline versus two years of World Health Organization multi-drug therapy for multi-bacillary leprosy. | 2004 Feb |
|
New agents active against Mycobacterium avium complex selected by molecular topology: a virtual screening method. | 2004 Jan |
|
Cheilitis granulomatosa of Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome: treatment with intralesional corticosteroid injections. | 2004 Jan-Feb |
|
Intra-abdominal, crystal-storing histiocytosis due to clofazimine in a patient with lepromatous leprosy and concurrent carcinoma of the colon. | 2004 Jun |
|
Shiny red-brown papules in a 21-year-old man. Histoid leprosy. | 2004 Jun |
|
Antimicrobial activity of clofazimine is not dependent on mycobacterial C-type phospholipases. | 2004 Jun |
|
Relapses in multibacillary patients treated with multi-drug therapy until smear negativity: findings after twenty years. | 2004 Mar |
|
Erythema dyschromicum perstans: response to dapsone therapy. | 2004 Mar |
|
Anti-staphylococcal activity and mode of action of clofazimine. | 2004 Mar |
|
Results of a standardised regimen for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Bangladesh. | 2004 May |
|
10-12 years follow-up of highly bacillated BL/LL leprosy patients on combined chemotherapy and immunotherapy. | 2004 Sep 9 |
Patents
Sample Use Guides
Lamprene® should be given at a dosage of 100 mg daily in combination with one or more other antileprosy drugs for 3 years, followed by monotherapy with 100 mg of Lamprene® daily. It should be taken with meals.
Route of Administration:
Oral
The following in vitro data are available, but their clinical significance is unknown. Lamprene® has
been shown in vitro to inhibit M. avium and M. bovis at concentrations of approximately 0.1-1.0
ug/mL. The MIC for M. avium-intracellulare isolated from patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) ranged from 1.0 to 5.0 ug/mL.
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Classification Tree | Code System | Code | ||
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FDA ORPHAN DRUG |
770820
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WHO-ATC |
J04BA01
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FDA ORPHAN DRUG |
2684
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NCI_THESAURUS |
C258
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WHO-VATC |
QJ04BA01
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LIVERTOX |
NBK548658
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FDA ORPHAN DRUG |
646318
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NDF-RT |
N0000175483
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FDA ORPHAN DRUG |
338811
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FDA ORPHAN DRUG |
436314
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WHO-ESSENTIAL MEDICINES LIST |
6.2.3
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Code System | Code | Type | Description | ||
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2592
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PRIMARY | RxNorm | ||
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D959AE5USF
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PRIMARY | |||
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2248
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PRIMARY | |||
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2030-63-9
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PRIMARY | |||
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100000092385
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PRIMARY | |||
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141046
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DB00845
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PRIMARY | |||
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1138904
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SUB06694MIG
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DTXSID7022839
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CLOFAZIMINE
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PRIMARY | Description: A reddish brown, fine powder; odourless or almost odourless.Solubility: Practically insoluble in water; slightly soluble in ethanol (~750 g/l) TS and in ether R.Category: Antileprosy drug.Storage: Clofazimine should be kept in a well-closed container.Additional information: Clofazimine melts at about 217 ?C. | ||
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C47456
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PRIMARY | |||
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D002991
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CLOFAZIMINE
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Clofazimine
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217-980-2
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M3637
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PRIMARY | Merck Index | ||
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692
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3749
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CHEMBL1292
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PRIMARY |
ACTIVE MOIETY
METABOLITE (PARENT)
METABOLITE (PARENT)