THEOPHYLLINE OLAMINE

First marketed in 1921

Details

Stereochemistry	ACHIRAL
Molecular Formula	C7H8N4O2.C2H7NO
Molecular Weight	241.2471
Optical Activity	NONE
Defined Stereocenters	0 / 0
E/Z Centers	0
Charge	0

SHOW SMILES / InChI

Structure Search

SMILES

NCCO.CN1C2=C(N=CN2)C(=O)N(C)C1=O

InChI

InChIKey=DAAFJZUNCOXSKD-UHFFFAOYSA-N

InChI=1S/C7H8N4O2.C2H7NO/c1-10-5-4(8-3-9-5)6(12)11(2)7(10)13;3-1-2-4/h3H,1-2H3,(H,8,9);4H,1-3H2

HIDE SMILES / InChI

Description
Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2009/019211s042lbl.pdf
Curator's Comment: Description was created based on several sources, including https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9676340 | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27713276

Since its discovery as component of the tea leaf by Albert Kossel in 1888, the history of theophylline (CAS 58-55-9) has been a long and successful one. At the turn of the century, theophylline became less expensive due to chemical synthesis and was primarily used as diuretic in subsequent years. It was Samuel Hirsch who discovered the bronchospasmolytic effect of theophylline in 1992, however, despite this pioneering discovery theophylline continued to be used primarily as diuretic and cardiac remedy. The molecular mechanism of bronchodilatation is inhibition of phosphodiesterase(PDE)3 and PDE4, but the anti-inflammatory effect may be due to histone deacetylase (HDAC) activation, resulting in switching off of activated inflammatory genes. Theophylline is indicated for the treatment of acute exacerbations of the symptoms and reversible airflow obstruction associated with asthma and other chronic lung diseases, e.g., emphysema and chronic bronchitis.

CNS Activity

Originator

Approval Year

Targets

Primary Target	Pharmacology	Condition	Potency
Phosphodiesterase 3 60 Target ID: CHEMBL2094125 Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27713276 \| https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2009/019211s042lbl.pdf	Inhibitor 8297
Phosphodiesterase 4 52 Target ID: CHEMBL2093863 Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27713276 \| https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2009/019211s042lbl.pdf	Inhibitor 8297
Adenosine receptor 34 Target ID: CHEMBL2111329 Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6287366 \| https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27713276 \| https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2009/019211s042lbl.pdf	Antagonist 2778

Conditions

Condition	Modality	Targets	Highest Phase	Product
Airway obstruction 22 Sources: https://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/03/briefing/3976B1_02_G-FDA-Tab7-Part%202.pdf https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2009/019211s042lbl.pdf	Primary		Approved 8429	THEOPHYLLINE AND DEXTROSE 5% IN PLASTIC CONTAINER Approved Use Theophylline is indicated for the treatment of the symptoms and reversible airflow obstruction associated with chronic asthma and other chronic lung diseases, e.g., emphysema and chronic bronchitis. Launch Date 1982

C_max

Value	Dose	Co-administered	Analyte	Population
7.3 μg/mL EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7332727/	200 mg single, oral dose: 200 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:		THEOPHYLLINE serum	Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: MALE food status: FASTED

AUC

Value	Dose	Co-administered	Analyte	Population
95.5 μg × h/mL EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7332727/	200 mg single, oral dose: 200 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:		THEOPHYLLINE serum	Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: MALE food status: FASTED

T_1/2

Value	Dose	Co-administered	Analyte	Population
8.51 h EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7332727/	200 mg single, oral dose: 200 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:		THEOPHYLLINE serum	Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: MALE food status: FASTED

F_unbound

Value	Dose	Co-administered	Analyte	Population
41% EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7332727/	200 mg single, oral dose: 200 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:		THEOPHYLLINE serum	Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: MALE food status: FASTED

Doses

Dose	Population	Adverse events
20 mg/mL steady, intravenous Highest studied dose Dose: 20 mg/mL Route: intravenous Route: steady Dose: 20 mg/mL Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8119049 Page: p.500	unhealthy, 39 years (51 % < 40 years) n = 87 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: COPD\|asthma Age Group: 39 years (51 % < 40 years) Sex: M+F Population Size: 87 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8119049 Page: p.500	Disc. AE: Vomiting... Other AEs: Vomiting... AEs leading to discontinuation/dose reduction: Vomiting (grade 3, 5.75%) Other AEs: Vomiting (12.64%) Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8119049 Page: p.500
1200 mg 1 times / day steady, oral Recommended Dose: 1200 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 1200 mg, 1 times / day Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3671893 Page: p.149	unhealthy, 66 ± 9 n = 6 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: COPD Age Group: 66 ± 9 Sex: M+F Population Size: 6 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3671893 Page: p.149	Disc. AE: Gastrointestinal discomfort, Supraventricular tachycardia... Other AEs: Tremor, Nervousness... AEs leading to discontinuation/dose reduction: Gastrointestinal discomfort (grade 3, 16.7%) Supraventricular tachycardia (grade 3, 16.7%) Other AEs: Tremor (16.7%) Nervousness (16.7%) Dysrhythmias (grade 1, 16.7%) Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3671893 Page: p.149
800 mg single, oral Recommended Dose: 800 mg Route: oral Route: single Dose: 800 mg Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3671893 Page: p.146	unhealthy, 66 ± 9 n = 6 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: COPD Age Group: 66 ± 9 Sex: M Population Size: 6 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3671893 Page: p.146	Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3671893 Page: p.146
800 mg 1 times / day steady, oral Recommended Dose: 800 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 800 mg, 1 times / day Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3671893 Page: p.148	unhealthy, 66 ± 9 n = 16 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: COPD Age Group: 66 ± 9 Sex: M+F Population Size: 16 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3671893 Page: p.148	Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3671893 Page: p.148
1600 mg 1 times / day multiple, oral (max) Overdose Dose: 1600 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: multiple Dose: 1600 mg, 1 times / day Sources: https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=88d863a5-63ab-4b29-b181-6d7db38234ba&type=display	unhealthy Health Status: unhealthy Condition: asthma\|emphysema\|chronic bronchitis Sources: https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=88d863a5-63ab-4b29-b181-6d7db38234ba&type=display	Other AEs: Generalized epileptic seizure, Cardiac arrhythmias... Other AEs: Generalized epileptic seizure (grade 4-5) Cardiac arrhythmias (grade 4-5) Calcium increased serum Creatine kinase increased Blood myoglobin increased Leukocyte count increased Serum phosphate decreased Magnesium serum decreased Acute myocardial infarction Obstructive uropathy Cardio-respiratory arrest (grade 5) Hypoxic encephalopathy (grade 5) Sources: https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=88d863a5-63ab-4b29-b181-6d7db38234ba&type=display
1600 mg 1 times / day multiple, oral (max) Overdose Dose: 1600 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: multiple Dose: 1600 mg, 1 times / day Sources: https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=88d863a5-63ab-4b29-b181-6d7db38234ba&type=display	unhealthy n = 102 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: asthma\|emphysema\|chronic bronchitis Population Size: 102 Sources: https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=88d863a5-63ab-4b29-b181-6d7db38234ba&type=display	Other AEs: Vomiting, Abdominal pain... Other AEs: Vomiting (61%) Abdominal pain (12%) Diarrhea (14%) Hematemesis (2%) Hypokalemia (43%) Acid-base balance abnoraml (9%) Sinus tachycardia (62%) Supraventricular tachycardia (14%) Premature ventricular ectopic beats (19%) Hypotension (8%) Nervousness (21%) Tremor (14%) Disorientation (11%) Seizures (5%) Sources: https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=88d863a5-63ab-4b29-b181-6d7db38234ba&type=display
1600 mg 1 times / day multiple, oral (max) Overdose Dose: 1600 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: multiple Dose: 1600 mg, 1 times / day Sources: https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=88d863a5-63ab-4b29-b181-6d7db38234ba&type=display	unhealthy n = 92 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: asthma\|emphysema\|chronic bronchitis Population Size: 92 Sources: https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=88d863a5-63ab-4b29-b181-6d7db38234ba&type=display	Other AEs: Vomiting, Hypokalemia... Other AEs: Vomiting (30%) Hypokalemia (44%) Hyperglycemia (18%) Acid-base balance abnoraml (9%) Sinus tachycardia (100%) Supraventricular tachycardia (12%) Premature ventricular ectopic beats (10%) Atrial flutter/ fibrillation (12%) Multifocal atrial tachycardia (2%) Hemodynamic instability (40%) Tremor (16%) Seizures (14%) Sources: https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=88d863a5-63ab-4b29-b181-6d7db38234ba&type=display
10 mg/kg single, oral (min) Overdose Dose: 10 mg/kg Route: oral Route: single Dose: 10 mg/kg Sources: https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=88d863a5-63ab-4b29-b181-6d7db38234ba&type=display	unknown n = 14 Health Status: unknown Population Size: 14 Sources: https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=88d863a5-63ab-4b29-b181-6d7db38234ba&type=display	Other AEs: Abdominal pain, Rhabdomyolysis... Other AEs: Abdominal pain (21%) Rhabdomyolysis (7%) Hypotension (21%) Nervousness (64%) Disorientation (7%) Sources: https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=88d863a5-63ab-4b29-b181-6d7db38234ba&type=display
10 mg/kg single, oral (min) Overdose Dose: 10 mg/kg Route: oral Route: single Dose: 10 mg/kg Sources: https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=88d863a5-63ab-4b29-b181-6d7db38234ba&type=display	unknown n = 157 Health Status: unknown Population Size: 157 Sources: https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=88d863a5-63ab-4b29-b181-6d7db38234ba&type=display	Other AEs: Vomiting, Hypokalemia... Other AEs: Vomiting (73%) Hypokalemia (85%) Hyperglycemia (98%) Acid-base balance abnoraml (34%) Sinus tachycardia (100%) Supraventricular tachycardia (2%) Premature ventricular ectopic beats (3%) Atrial flutter/ fibrillation (1%) Hemodynamic instability (7%) Tremor (38%) Seizures (5%) Sources: https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=88d863a5-63ab-4b29-b181-6d7db38234ba&type=display

AEs

Overview

CYP3A4	CYP2C9	CYP2D6	hERG
substrate 1737	substrate 1037	substrate 1217

OverviewOther

Other Inhibitor	Other Substrate	Other Inducer
	CYP1A2 1054 CYP2E1 667 CYP1A1 349 CYP2A6 543 CYP2B6 664 OAT2 115

Drug as victim

Target	Modality	Activity
CYP1A1 349	substrate 3367 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7632164/	little to none
CYP2A6 543	substrate 3367 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7632164/	little to none
CYP2B6 664	substrate 3367 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7632164/	little to none
CYP2C9 1037	substrate 3367 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7632164/	little to none
CYP1A2 1054	substrate 3367 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7632164/	yes
CYP2D6 1217	substrate 3367 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7632164/	yes
CYP2E1 667	substrate 3367 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7632164/	yes
CYP3A4 1737	substrate 3367 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7632164/	yes
OAT2 115	substrate 3367 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15708966/	yes

Sourcing

Vendor/Aggregator	ID	URL
001 Chemical	DY561569	https://www.001chemical.com/chem/58-55-9
3B Scientific (Wuhan) Corp	3B1-00065	http://www.3bsc.com/index/pro_info.php?id=20277
3B Scientific (Wuhan) Corp	3B3-020355	http://www.3bsc.com/index/pro_info.php?id=29324
AA Blocks	AA00IA8K	http://www.aablocks.com/goods/Goods/detail?id=AA00IA8K
AEchem Scientific Corp., USA	AE050882	http://www.aechemsc.com/info_products/AE050882.php
AHH Chemical co.,ltd	MT-47075	http://www.ahhchemical.com/product/MT-47075.html
AHH Chemical co.,ltd	MT-59380	http://www.ahhchemical.com/product/MT-59380.html
AHH Chemical co.,ltd	NP-0086	http://www.ahhchemical.com/product/NP-0086.html
AK Scientific, Inc. (AKSCI)	67805	http://www.aksci.com/item_detail.php?cat=67805
AbMole Bioscience	M4568	http://www.abmole.com/products/aescin-iia.html
AbMole Bioscience	M6007	http://www.abmole.com/products/theophylline.html
Acadechem	ACDS-070925	http://www.acadechemical.com/product/145624
Achemtek	0102-012812	http://www.achemtek.com/46155-90-2
Acorn PharmaTech	ACN-046916	http://www.acornpharmatech.com/
Acros Organics	AC250310050	https://www.fishersci.com/shop/products/theophylline-99-anhydrous-acros-organics-1/AC250310050
Acros Organics	AC250312500	https://www.fishersci.com/shop/products/theophylline-99-anhydrous-acros-organics-1/AC250312500
Acros Organics	AC250310010	https://www.fishersci.com/shop/products/theophylline-99-anhydrous-acros-organics/AC250310010
Alfa Chemistry	AP58559	https://reagents.alfa-chemistry.com/product/theophylline-cas-58-55-9-13554.html
Alfa Chemistry	AP58559-B	https://reagents.alfa-chemistry.com/product/theophylline-cas-58-55-9-13556.html
Alfa Chemistry	AP58559-A	https://reagents.alfa-chemistry.com/product/theophylline-melting-point-standard-cas-58-55-9-13555.html
Alfa Chemistry	49746-06-7	https://www.alfa-chemistry.com/cas_49746-06-7.htm
Alsachim	1888	http://www.alsachim.com/product-C2812-glo.bal-view.html
Ambeed	A896968	https://www.ambeed.com/products/58-55-9.html
Ambinter	Amb18809291	http://www.ambinter.com/reference/18809291
Angene	AGN-PC-0WAFD2	http://www.angenechemical.com/productshow/AGN-PC-0WAFD2.html
ApexBio Technology	N1442	http://www.apexbt.com/theophylline-14283.html
Aronis	ARONIS25346	http://www.aronis.ru/store/index.php?main_page=product_info&cPath=1&products_id=18242
Aurora Fine Chemicals LLC	K02.110.044	http://online.aurorafinechemicals.com/info?ID=K02.110.044
Aurum Pharmatech LLC	NE11194	http://www.Aurumpharmatech.com/Product/ProductDetails/NE11194
BLD Pharm	BD34182	http://www.bldpharm.com/products/58-55-9.html
BOC Sciences	134459-03-3	https://www.bocsci.com/theophylline-8-3h-cas-134459-03-3-item-199700.html
BOC Sciences	117490-39-8	https://www.bocsci.com/theophylline-d6-dimethyl-d6-cas-117490-39-8-item-412869.html
BioChemPartner	BCP30664	http://www.biochempartner.com/58-55-9-BCP30664
BioCrick	BCN1258	http://www.biocrick.com/Theophylline-BCN1258.html
BioSynth	Q-201819	https://www.biosynth.com/en/products/life-science/other-biochemicals/products/Q-201819.html
CSNpharm	CSN16416	https://www.csnpharm.com/products/theophylline.html
Capot Chemical	9695	http://www.capotchem.com/en/9695.htm
Capot Chemical	PubChem9695	http://www.capotchem.com/en/9695.htm
Chem Scene	CS-4158	http://www.chemscene.com/58-55-9.html
ChemFaces	CFN99768	http://www.chemfaces.com/natural/Theophylline-CFN99768.html
ChemMol	30107934	http://www.chemmol.com/chemmol/30107934.html
ChemMol	49416408	http://www.chemmol.com/chemmol/49416408.html
ChemMol	99089954	http://www.chemmol.com/chemmol/99089954.html
Chemenu	CM110081	http://www.chemenu.com/products/CM110081
Chemspace	CSSB00000212133	https://chem-space.com/CSSB00000212133
Clearsynth	CS-ER-02083	https://www.clearsynth.com/en/CSER02083.html
Clearsynth	CS-O-30795	https://www.clearsynth.com/en/CSO30795.html
DC Chemicals	DCC-042	http://www.dcchemicals.com//product_show-Theophylline.html
Debye Scientific	DB-053224	http://www.debyesci.com/cas_58-55-9.html
Enamine	Z271004650	https://www.enaminestore.com/catalog/Z271004650
Finetech	FT-0675140	http://www.finetechnology-ind.com/prod/detail/pub/117490-39-8.html
Finetech	FT-0631259	http://www.finetechnology-ind.com/prod/detail/pub/58-55-9.html
Glentham Life Sciences	GP6302	http://www.glentham.com/products/product/GP6302/
Hairui	HR137621	http://www.hairuichem.com/en/product/58-55-9.html
LGC Standards	DRE-C17446000	https://www.lgcstandards.com/US/en/p/DRE-C17446000
LGC Standards	LGCAMP0176.00-01	https://www.lgcstandards.com/US/en/p/LGCAMP0176.00-01
LGC Standards	LGCFOR0176.00	https://www.lgcstandards.com/US/en/p/LGCFOR0176.00
LGC Standards	MM0176.00	https://www.lgcstandards.com/US/en/p/MM0176.00
Lab Network	LN00223847	https://labnetwork.com/frontend-app/p/#!/moleculedetails/LN00223847
Matrix Scientific	134139	https://www.matrixscientific.com/134139.html
MedChem Express	HY-B0809	https://www.medchemexpress.com/Theophylline.html
Molcore	MC561569	https://www.molcore.com/product/58-55-9
MuseChem	I004187	https://www.musechem.com/product/I004187.html
Oakwood	95062	http://www.oakwoodchemical.com/ProductsList.aspx?CategoryID=-2&txtSearch=132506&ExtHyperLink=1
Otava	3585962	https://search.otavachemicals.com/#!/search?query=3585962&type=code&base=dbb
Parchem	17264	http://www.parchem.com/chemical-supplier-distributor/Theophylline-007264.aspx
Parchem	11423	http://www.parchem.com/chemical-supplier-distributor/Theophylline-Anhydrous-USP-001423.aspx
Renno Tech	RP24142	http://www.rennotech.com/product_show.asp?id=29796
Sigma-Aldrich	IMPC-051-01_CERILLIAN	https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/cerillian/impc05101?utm_source=pubchem&utm_campaign=pubchem_2017&utm_medium=referral
Sigma-Aldrich	88308_SIAL	https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/sial/88308?utm_source=pubchem&utm_campaign=pubchem_2017&utm_medium=referral
Sigma-Aldrich	BP327_SIAL	https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/sial/bp327?utm_source=pubchem&utm_campaign=pubchem_2017&utm_medium=referral
Sigma-Aldrich	1653004_USP	https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/usp/1653004?utm_source=pubchem&utm_campaign=pubchem_2017&utm_medium=referral
Sigma-Aldrich	1653117_USP	https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/usp/1653117?utm_source=pubchem&utm_campaign=pubchem_2017&utm_medium=referral
Sinfoo Biotech	S055268	http://www.sinfoobiotech.com/product/1058666
Smolecule	S545163	http://www.smolecule.com/products/s545163
TCI (Tokyo Chemical Industry)	T0179	http://www.tcichemicals.com/eshop/en/us/commodity/T0179/index.html
THE BioTek	bt-284249	https://www.thebiotek.com/product/inhibitors/bt-284249
THE BioTek	bt-308536	https://www.thebiotek.com/product/others/bt-308536
Tocris	2795	https://www.tocris.com/products/theophylline_2795
Vitas-M Laboratory	BBL023514	http://www.request.vitasmlab.biz/index.php?option=com_search_stk&Itemid=22&stk=BBL023514&?utm_source=pubchem&utm_medium=p_search_link&utm_campaign=pubchem_search&utm_content=pubchem_slink
VladaChem	VL144640	https://www.vladachem.com/product.php?products=58-55-9
VladaChem	VL165515	https://www.vladachem.com/product.php?products=58-55-9
VladaChem	VL272263-100G	https://www.vladachem.com/product.php?products=58-55-9
abcr GmbH	AB352320	http://www.abcr.com/shop/en/AB352320
eNovation Chemicals	D673731	https://www.enovationchem.com/ProductDetails.asp?ProductID=D673731
eNovation Chemicals	D766195	https://www.enovationchem.com/ProductDetails.asp?ProductID=D766195
iChemical	EBD4642	http://www.ichemical.com/products/58-55-9.html?utm_source=PubChem&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=product%20catalogs
mcule	MCULE-8236489917	https://mcule.com/MCULE-8236489917/

PubMed

Title	Date	PubMed
Computerised advice on drug dosage to improve prescribing practice.	2001	11279772
Oral methyl-xanthines for bronchiectasis.	2001	11279764
Methyl-xanthines for exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.	2001	11279755
Treatment options for sleep apnoea.	2001	11270940
Doxofylline: a new generation xanthine bronchodilator devoid of major cardiovascular adverse effects.	2001	11268710
Time dependence of elastic recovery for characterization of tableting materials.	2001	11247276
A comparison of reflectance and transmittance near-infrared spectroscopic techniques in determining drug content in intact tablets.	2001	11247272
A novel method for measuring gel strength of controlled release hydrogel tablets using a cone/plate rheometer.	2001	11247269
Rat ventral prostate xanthine oxidase bioactivation of ethanol to acetaldehyde and 1-hydroxyethyl free radicals: analysis of its potential role in heavy alcohol drinking tumor-promoting effects.	2001	11223889
Caffeine citrate: a review of its use in apnoea of prematurity.	2001	11220405
Creatinine clearance overestimated glomerular filtration rate in a heavy tea-drinker.	2001 Apr	11273893
Differential effects of fluvoxamine and other antidepressants on the biotransformation of melatonin.	2001 Apr	11270913
Antiasthmatic effect of YM976, a novel PDE4 inhibitor, in guinea pigs.	2001 Apr	11259541
Preparation of controlled release systems by free-radical UV polymerizations in the presence of a drug.	2001 Apr 2	11274750
How to safeguard delivery of high-alert i.v. drugs.	2001 Feb	11272940
Caffeine metabolism before and after liver transplantation.	2001 Feb	11270802
Metabolism of 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline in human hepatocytes: 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline-8-carboxylic acid is a major detoxification pathway catalyzed by cytochrome P450 1A2.	2001 Feb	11258970
High-throughput cytochrome P450 (CYP) inhibition screening via a cassette probe-dosing strategy. V. Validation of a direct injection/on-line guard cartridge extraction--tandem mass spectrometry method for CYP1A2 inhibition assessment.	2001 Feb	11231111
Theophylline metabolism after cardiac surgery.	2001 Feb	11210395
Effect of coadministered drugs and ethanol on the binding of therapeutic drugs to human serum in vitro.	2001 Feb	11206047
Advair: combination treatment with fluticasone propionate/salmeterol in the treatment of asthma.	2001 Feb	11174215
Therapeutic options for the management of patients with cardiac syndrome X.	2001 Feb	11161946
Anti-inflammatory effects of ABT-702, a novel non-nucleoside adenosine kinase inhibitor, in rat adjuvant arthritis.	2001 Feb	11160636
Determination of urinary methylated purine pattern by high-performance liquid chromatography.	2001 Feb 10	11232859
Comparison of the potency of adenosine as an agonist at human adenosine receptors expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells.	2001 Feb 15	11226378
Hepatic arteriolo-portal venular shunting guarantees maintenance of nutritional microvascular supply in hepatic arterial buffer response of rat livers.	2001 Feb 15	11179403
The calcium-dependent [3H]acetylcholine release from synaptosomes of brown trout (Salmo trutta) optic tectum is inhibited by adenosine A1 receptors: effects of enucleation on A1 receptor density and cholinergic markers.	2001 Feb 16	11172751
Caffeine increases paragigantocellularis neuronal firing rate and induces withdrawal signs in morphine-dependent rats.	2001 Feb 2	11166287
Role of adenosine and glycogen in ischemic preconditioning of rat hearts.	2001 Feb 23	11230995
[Theophylline in the treatment of sleep-related breathing disorders].	2001 Jan	11233493
Development of heart failure in bradycardic sick sinus syndrome.	2001 Jan	11214707
Caffeine metabolism in a group of 67 patients with primary biliary cirrhosis.	2001 Jan	11204934
[Rhabdomyolysis as a rare complication of theophylline poisoning].	2001 Jan 15	11210488
Suspected caffeine and ephedrine toxicosis resulting from ingestion of an herbal supplement containing guarana and ma huang in dogs: 47 cases (1997-1999).	2001 Jan 15	11195828
Facilitative effects of an adenosine A1/A2 receptor blockade on spatial memory performance of rats: selective enhancement of reference memory retention during the light period.	2001 Jan 8	11163632
Newer and alternative non-steroidal treatments for asthmatic inflammation.	2001 Jan-Feb	11227911
Adenosine diphosphate ribose dilates bovine coronary small arteries through apyrase- and 5'-nucleotidase-mediated metabolism.	2001 Jan-Feb	11173996
The mechanism of gentisic acid-induced relaxation of the guinea pig isolated trachea: the role of potassium channels and vasoactive intestinal peptide receptors.	2001 Mar	11262590
Drug treatment of airway inflammation in asthma.	2001 Mar	11253868
Adenosine inhibits norepinephrine release in the postischemic rat heart: the mechanism of neuronal stunning.	2001 Mar	11230970
New combination therapies for asthma.	2001 Mar	11224725
Continuous venovenous haemofiltration for the treatment of theophylline toxicity.	2001 Mar	11182020
Purinergic contribution to circulatory, metabolic, and adrenergic responses to acute hypoxemia in fetal sheep.	2001 Mar	11171645
Adenosine induces initial hypoxic-ischemic depression of synaptic transmission in the rat hippocampus in vivo.	2001 Mar	11171640
Alkylxanthine-induced recovery of respiratory function following cervical spinal cord injury in adult rats.	2001 Mar	11170727
Profile of moxifloxacin drug interactions.	2001 Mar 15	11249829
A multiparticulate drug-delivery system based on pellets incorporated into congealable polyethylene glycol carrier materials.	2001 Mar 23	11274801
Activation of glutamate uptake by guanosine in primary astrocyte cultures.	2001 Mar 26	11277601
Cytosolic xanthine oxidoreductase mediated bioactivation of ethanol to acetaldehyde and free radicals in rat breast tissue. Its potential role in alcohol-promoted mammary cancer.	2001 Mar 7	11246119
Escape deficits induced by inescapable shock and metabolic stress are reversed by adenosine receptor antagonists.	2001 May	11182168

Patents

Sample Use Guides

In Vivo Use Guide

For a given population there is no single theophylline dose that will provide both safe and effective serum concentrations for all patients. The dose of theophylline must be individualized on the basis of serum theophylline concentration measurements in order to achieve a dose that will provide maximum potential benefit with minimal risk of adverse effects.

Route of Administration: Other

In Vitro Use Guide

1 mM theophylline inhibited histamine release from human skin mast cells

Name

Type

Language

THEOPHYLLINE OLAMINE

Common Name

English

THEOPHYLLINE MONOETHANOLAMINE

Systematic Name

English

THEOPHYLLINE ETHANOLAMINE [MI]

Common Name

English

1H-PURINE-2,6-DIONE, 3,7-DIHYDRO-1,3-DIMETHYL-, COMPD. WITH 2-AMINOETHANOL (1:1)

Systematic Name

English

Theophylline monoethanolamine [WHO-DD]

Common Name

English

THEOPHYLLINE ETHANOLAMINE

Systematic Name

English

Code System Code Type Description

MESH

C031059