Details
| Stereochemistry | ACHIRAL |
| Molecular Formula | C21H15F4N5O2S |
| Molecular Weight | 477.435 |
| Optical Activity | NONE |
| Defined Stereocenters | 0 / 0 |
| E/Z Centers | 0 |
| Charge | 0 |
SHOW SMILES / InChI
SMILES
CNC(=O)C1=CC=C(C=C1F)N2C(=S)N(C(=O)C23CCC3)C4=CC(=C(N=C4)C#N)C(F)(F)F
InChI
InChIKey=HJBWBFZLDZWPHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI=1S/C21H15F4N5O2S/c1-27-17(31)13-4-3-11(8-15(13)22)30-19(33)29(18(32)20(30)5-2-6-20)12-7-14(21(23,24)25)16(9-26)28-10-12/h3-4,7-8,10H,2,5-6H2,1H3,(H,27,31)
DescriptionSources: http://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800032695Curator's Comment: Description was created based on several sources, including
https://newdrugapprovals.org/2016/03/11/18141/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22266222
Sources: http://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800032695
Curator's Comment: Description was created based on several sources, including
https://newdrugapprovals.org/2016/03/11/18141/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22266222
Apalutamide (developmental code name ARN-509) is a selective and competitive androgen receptor inhibitor with IC50 of 16 nM, useful for prostate cancer treatment. Apalutamide binds to AR in target tissues thereby preventing androgen-induced receptor activation and facilitating the formation of inactive complexes that cannot be translocated to the nucleus. This prevents binding to and transcription of AR-responsive genes. This ultimately inhibits the expression of genes that regulate prostate cancer cell proliferation and may lead to an inhibition of cell growth in AR-expressing tumor cells. Apalutamide is currently in phase III clinical trials for castration-resistant prostate cancer.
CNS Activity
Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27302572 https://newdrugapprovals.org/2016/03/11/18141/
Curator's Comment: Weak penetration "Apalutamide has less blood–brain barrier penetration,at least in preclinical studies, which might reduce seizures that are associated with anti-androgens binding to the GABA-A receptor in the brain"
weak CNS effect "Apalutamide binds weakly to the GABAA receptor"
Originator
Approval Year
Targets
| Primary Target | Pharmacology | Condition | Potency |
|---|---|---|---|
Target ID: CHEMBL1871 Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22266222 |
16.0 nM [IC50] |
Conditions
| Condition | Modality | Targets | Highest Phase | Product |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | ERLEADA Approved UseERLEADA is an androgen receptor inhibitor indicated for the treatment of patients with non-metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Launch Date2018 |
Cmax
| Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
6 μg/mL |
240 mg 1 times / day steady-state, oral dose: 240 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: STEADY-STATE co-administered: |
APALUTAMIDE plasma | Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: MALE food status: UNKNOWN |
AUC
| Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
100 μg × h/mL |
240 mg 1 times / day steady-state, oral dose: 240 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: STEADY-STATE co-administered: |
APALUTAMIDE plasma | Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: MALE food status: UNKNOWN |
T1/2
| Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
72 h |
240 mg 1 times / day steady-state, oral dose: 240 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: STEADY-STATE co-administered: |
APALUTAMIDE plasma | Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: MALE food status: UNKNOWN |
Funbound
| Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
4% |
240 mg 1 times / day steady-state, oral dose: 240 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: STEADY-STATE co-administered: |
APALUTAMIDE plasma | Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: MALE food status: UNKNOWN |
Doses
| Dose | Population | Adverse events |
|---|---|---|
480 mg 1 times / day multiple, oral Highest studied dose Dose: 480 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: multiple Dose: 480 mg, 1 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, 68 years (range: 45 - 81 yers) Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: 68 years (range: 45 - 81 yers) Sex: M Sources: |
|
300 mg 1 times / day multiple, oral Dose: 300 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: multiple Dose: 300 mg, 1 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, 68 years (range: 45 - 81 yers) Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: 68 years (range: 45 - 81 yers) Sex: M Sources: |
DLT: Abdominal pain... Dose limiting toxicities: Abdominal pain (grade 3, 1 patient) Sources: |
240 mg 1 times / day steady, oral Recommended|MTD Dose: 240 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 240 mg, 1 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, 74 years (range: 48-97 years) Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: 74 years (range: 48-97 years) Sex: M Sources: |
Disc. AE: Rash, Rash... AEs leading to discontinuation/dose reduction: Rash (3%) Sources: Rash (>1) Diarrhea (>1) Fatigue (>1) Nausea (>1) Vomiting (>1) Hypertension (>1) Hematuria (>1) |
240 mg 1 times / day steady, oral Recommended|MTD Dose: 240 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 240 mg, 1 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, 74 years (range: 48-97 years) Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: 74 years (range: 48-97 years) Sex: M Sources: |
Disc. AE: Fatigue, Decreased appetite... AEs leading to discontinuation/dose reduction: Fatigue (1%) Sources: Decreased appetite (0.7%) Weight decreased (0.7%) |
AEs
| AE | Significance | Dose | Population |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abdominal pain | grade 3, 1 patient DLT, Disc. AE |
300 mg 1 times / day multiple, oral Dose: 300 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: multiple Dose: 300 mg, 1 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, 68 years (range: 45 - 81 yers) Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: 68 years (range: 45 - 81 yers) Sex: M Sources: |
| Rash | 3% Disc. AE |
240 mg 1 times / day steady, oral Recommended|MTD Dose: 240 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 240 mg, 1 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, 74 years (range: 48-97 years) Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: 74 years (range: 48-97 years) Sex: M Sources: |
| Diarrhea | >1 Disc. AE |
240 mg 1 times / day steady, oral Recommended|MTD Dose: 240 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 240 mg, 1 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, 74 years (range: 48-97 years) Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: 74 years (range: 48-97 years) Sex: M Sources: |
| Fatigue | >1 Disc. AE |
240 mg 1 times / day steady, oral Recommended|MTD Dose: 240 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 240 mg, 1 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, 74 years (range: 48-97 years) Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: 74 years (range: 48-97 years) Sex: M Sources: |
| Hematuria | >1 Disc. AE |
240 mg 1 times / day steady, oral Recommended|MTD Dose: 240 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 240 mg, 1 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, 74 years (range: 48-97 years) Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: 74 years (range: 48-97 years) Sex: M Sources: |
| Hypertension | >1 Disc. AE |
240 mg 1 times / day steady, oral Recommended|MTD Dose: 240 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 240 mg, 1 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, 74 years (range: 48-97 years) Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: 74 years (range: 48-97 years) Sex: M Sources: |
| Nausea | >1 Disc. AE |
240 mg 1 times / day steady, oral Recommended|MTD Dose: 240 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 240 mg, 1 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, 74 years (range: 48-97 years) Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: 74 years (range: 48-97 years) Sex: M Sources: |
| Rash | >1 Disc. AE |
240 mg 1 times / day steady, oral Recommended|MTD Dose: 240 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 240 mg, 1 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, 74 years (range: 48-97 years) Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: 74 years (range: 48-97 years) Sex: M Sources: |
| Vomiting | >1 Disc. AE |
240 mg 1 times / day steady, oral Recommended|MTD Dose: 240 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 240 mg, 1 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, 74 years (range: 48-97 years) Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: 74 years (range: 48-97 years) Sex: M Sources: |
| Decreased appetite | 0.7% Disc. AE |
240 mg 1 times / day steady, oral Recommended|MTD Dose: 240 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 240 mg, 1 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, 74 years (range: 48-97 years) Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: 74 years (range: 48-97 years) Sex: M Sources: |
| Weight decreased | 0.7% Disc. AE |
240 mg 1 times / day steady, oral Recommended|MTD Dose: 240 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 240 mg, 1 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, 74 years (range: 48-97 years) Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: 74 years (range: 48-97 years) Sex: M Sources: |
| Fatigue | 1% Disc. AE |
240 mg 1 times / day steady, oral Recommended|MTD Dose: 240 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 240 mg, 1 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, 74 years (range: 48-97 years) Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: 74 years (range: 48-97 years) Sex: M Sources: |
Overview
| CYP3A4 | CYP2C9 | CYP2D6 | hERG |
|---|---|---|---|
Drug as perpetrator
| Target | Modality | Activity | Metabolite | Clinical evidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| yes [IC50 12 uM] | ||||
| yes [IC50 13.8 uM] | ||||
| yes [IC50 27.2 uM] | ||||
| yes [IC50 37.9 uM] | ||||
| yes [IC50 4.8 uM] | ||||
| yes [IC50 7.6 uM] | ||||
| yes [Ki 0.3 uM] | ||||
| yes [Ki 27 uM] | ||||
| yes [Ki 28 uM] | ||||
| yes [Ki 33.5 uM] | ||||
| yes | ||||
| yes | ||||
| yes | ||||
| yes | ||||
| yes | ||||
| yes | ||||
| yes | ||||
| yes | ||||
| yes | ||||
| yes | ||||
| yes | ||||
| yes | ||||
| yes | ||||
| yes | yes (co-administration study) Comment: co-administration of apalutamide 240 QD with single oral doses of sensitive transporter substrates resulted in a 30% decrease in the AUC of fexofenadine (a P-gp substrate) and 41% decrease in the AUC of rosuvastatin (a BCRP/OATP1B1 substrate). Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2018/210951Orig1s000MultidisciplineR.pdf#page=66 Page: 66.0 |
|||
| yes | yes (co-administration study) Comment: co-administration of apalutamide 240 QD with single oral doses of sensitive transporter substrates resulted in a 30% decrease in the AUC of fexofenadine (a P-gp substrate) and 41% decrease in the AUC of rosuvastatin (a BCRP/OATP1B1 substrate). Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2018/210951Orig1s000MultidisciplineR.pdf#page=66 Page: 66.0 |
|||
| yes | yes (co-administration study) Comment: co-administration of apalutamide 240 QD with single oral doses of sensitive transporter substrates resulted in a 30% decrease in the AUC of fexofenadine (a P-gp substrate) and 41% decrease in the AUC of rosuvastatin (a BCRP/OATP1B1 substrate). Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2018/210951Orig1s000MultidisciplineR.pdf#page=66 Page: 66.0 |
Drug as victim
| Target | Modality | Activity | Metabolite | Clinical evidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| major | ||||
| yes | ||||
| yes | ||||
| yes | yes (co-administration study) Comment: In a dedicated drug-interaction study 1012, concomitant itraconazole (a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor) decreased a single dose apalutamide's Cmax by 22 % without AUC change. Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2018/210951Orig1s000MultidisciplineR.pdf#page=66 Page: 66.0 |
Tox targets
| Target | Modality | Activity | Metabolite | Clinical evidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
PubMed
| Title | Date | PubMed |
|---|---|---|
| Phase 2 Study of the Safety and Antitumor Activity of Apalutamide (ARN-509), a Potent Androgen Receptor Antagonist, in the High-risk Nonmetastatic Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer Cohort. | 2016-12 |
|
| New agents for prostate cancer. | 2014-09 |
|
| ARN-509: a novel antiandrogen for prostate cancer treatment. | 2012-03-15 |
Patents
Sample Use Guides
The recommended dose of ERLEADA (apalutamide) is 240 mg (four 60 mg tablets) administered orally once daily. Swallow the tablets whole. ERLEADA can be taken with or without food.
Route of Administration:
Oral
In Vitro Use Guide
Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22266222
APALUTAMIDE binds AR with IC50 16 nM
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WHO-ATC |
L02BB05
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NCI_THESAURUS |
C146993
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Apalutamide
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CHEMBL3183409
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ACTIVE MOIETY
METABOLITE ACTIVE (PARENT)