TITANIUM DIOXIDE

Details

Stereochemistry	ACHIRAL
Molecular Formula	2O.Ti
Molecular Weight	79.866
Optical Activity	NONE
Defined Stereocenters	0 / 0
E/Z Centers	0
Charge	0

SHOW SMILES / InChI

Structure Search

SMILES

[O--].[O--].[Ti+4]

InChI

InChIKey=SOQBVABWOPYFQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N

InChI=1S/2O.Ti/q2*-2;+4

HIDE SMILES / InChI

Description
Sources: https://www.drugs.com/inactive/titanium-dioxide-70.html
Curator's Comment: description was created based on several sources, including https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2008/022009s000_ClinPharmR.pdf | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18503414

Titanium dioxide, also known as titanium(IV) oxide or titania, is the naturally occurring oxide of titanium, chemical formula TiO 2. When used as a pigment, it is called titanium white, Pigment White 6 (PW6), or CI 77891. Generally it is sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase. It has a wide range of applications, from paint to sunscreen to food coloring. When used as a food coloring, it has E number E171. World production in 2014 exceeded 9 million metric tons. Titanium dioxide has excellent ultraviolet (UV) resistant qualities and acts as a UV absorbent. In the pharmaceutical industry, titanium dioxide is used in most sunscreens to block UVA and UVB rays, similar to zinc oxide. It is also commonly used as pigment for pharmaceutical products such as gelatin capsules, tablet coatings and syrups. In the cosmetics industry, it is used in toothpaste, lipsticks, creams, ointments and powders. It can be used as an opacifier to make pigments opaque. The FDA has approved the safety of titanium dioxide for use as a colorant in food, drugs and cosmetics, including sunscreens. However, controversy exists as to the safety of titanium dioxide nanoparticles used in the cosmetics industry, for example in sunscreens. Titanium and zinc oxides may be made into the nanoparticle size (0.2-100 nanometers) to reduce the white appearance when applied topically, but retain the UV blocking properties. Recent studies suggest titanium dioxide nanoparticles may be toxic, although further research is needed.

CNS Activity

Originator

Approval Year

Targets

Primary Target	Pharmacology	Condition	Potency
ultraviolet induced damage 12 Target ID: ultraviolet induced damage Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18503257	Inhibitor 8297

Conditions

Condition	Modality	Targets	Highest Phase	Product
Sunburn 84 Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2008/022009s000_ClinPharmR.pdf	Preventing		Approved 8429	ANTHELIOS 40 Approved Use Unknown Launch Date 2008
Denture stomatitis 12 Sources: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02950623	Primary		Not Provided 504	Unknown Approved Use Unknown

PubMed

Title	Date	PubMed
Increased expression of manganese-containing superoxide dismutase in rat lungs after inhalation of inflammatory and fibrogenic minerals.	1994 Mar	8063194
Molecular and biomechanical characterization of mineralized tissue by dental pulp cells on titanium.	2005 Jun	15914587
Effects of ultrafine TiO2 particles on gene expression profile in human keratinocytes without illumination: involvement of extracellular matrix and cell adhesion.	2009 Dec 15	19695317
Alumina ceramic particles, in comparison with titanium particles, hardly affect the expression of RANK-, TNF-alpha-, and OPG-mRNA in the THP-1 human monocytic cell line.	2009 Jun	18449944
Induction of chronic inflammation in mice treated with titanium dioxide nanoparticles by intratracheal instillation.	2009 Jun 16	19464567
Influence of metals on cytokines production in connection with successful implantation therapy in dentistry.	2010	21173747
Activation of human neutrophils by titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles.	2010 Apr	20005940
Involvement of JNK and P53 activation in G2/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis induced by titanium dioxide nanoparticles in neuron cells.	2010 Dec 15	20863874
Airway exposure to silica-coated TiO2 nanoparticles induces pulmonary neutrophilia in mice.	2010 Feb	19875681
Engineered nanomaterials cause cytotoxicity and activation on mouse antigen presenting cells.	2010 Jan 12	19897006
Cellular responses by stable and uniform ultrafine titanium dioxide particles in culture-medium dispersions when secondary particle size was 100 nm or less.	2010 Sep	20541599
Acute respiratory and systemic toxicity of pulmonary exposure to rutile Fe-doped TiO(2) nanorods.	2011 Jan 11	21073913
Toll-like receptors and their adaptors are regulated in macrophages after phagocytosis of lipopolysaccharide-coated titanium particles.	2011 Jul	21308757
Particle stimulation dephosphorylates glutathione S-transferase π1 of epithelial cells.	2011 Jun 18	21439344
Safety evaluation of sunscreen formulations containing titanium dioxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles in UVB sunburned skin: an in vitro and in vivo study.	2011 Sep	21642632
Gene expression of zebrafish embryos exposed to titanium dioxide nanoparticles and hydroxylated fullerenes.	2011 Sep	21513982
Molecular control of TiO₂-NPs toxicity formation at predicted environmental relevant concentrations by Mn-SODs proteins.	2012	22973466
TiO₂ nanoparticles induce dysfunction and activation of human endothelial cells.	2012 Apr 16	22352400
Ovarian dysfunction and gene-expressed characteristics of female mice caused by long-term exposure to titanium dioxide nanoparticles.	2012 Dec	23131501
Distinct immunomodulatory effects of a panel of nanomaterials in human dermal fibroblasts.	2012 May 5	22342292
Nanosized TiO2-induced reproductive system dysfunction and its mechanism in female mice.	2013	23565150
Differential mouse pulmonary dose and time course responses to titanium dioxide nanospheres and nanobelts.	2013 Jan	22956629
TiO2, CeO2 and ZnO nanoparticles and modulation of the degranulation process in human neutrophils.	2013 Jul 31	23726862
Improving cytocompatibility of Co28Cr6Mo by TiO2 coating: gene expression study in human endothelial cells.	2013 Sep 6	23825117
Effect of TiO₂ nanoparticles on the structure and activity of catalase.	2014 Aug 5	24931876
Genetic variation influences immune responses in sensitive rats following exposure to TiO2 nanoparticles.	2014 Dec 4	25456268
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles promote arrhythmias via a direct interaction with rat cardiac tissue.	2014 Dec 9	25487314
Genotoxicity of silver and titanium dioxide nanoparticles in bone marrow cells of rats in vivo.	2014 Jan 6	24321264
Zinc oxide nanoparticles induce migration and adhesion of monocytes to endothelial cells and accelerate foam cell formation.	2014 Jul 1	24746987
Effect of pubertal nano-TiO2 exposure on testosterone synthesis and spermatogenesis in mice.	2014 Mar	24241477
Normalization of nano-sized TiO2-induced clastogenicity, genotoxicity and mutagenicity by chlorophyllin administration in mice brain, liver, and bone marrow cells.	2014 Nov	25129858
Sheet-type titania, but not P25, induced paraptosis accompanying apoptosis in murine alveolar macrophage cells.	2014 Oct 1	25111187
Effect of glycyrrhizic acid on titanium dioxide nanoparticles-induced hepatotoxicity in rats.	2014 Sep 5	25016076
Genome wide identification and expression profile in epithelial cells exposed to TiO₂ particles.	2015 Mar	24023007
Cyto- and genotoxic effects of metallic nanoparticles in untransformed human fibroblast.	2015 Oct	26028148
TiO2 nanoparticle-induced neurotoxicity may be involved in dysfunction of glutamate metabolism and its receptor expression in mice.	2016 Jun	25411160

Patents

Sample Use Guides

In Vivo Use Guide

Apply evenly 15 minutes before sun exposure. Reapply as needed or after towel drying, swimming, or perspiring. Children under 6 months of age, ask a doctor.

Route of Administration: Topical

In Vitro Use Guide

For the in vitro studies, the stratum corneum side of the skin was in contact with either the aqueous or oily commercial dispersion of microfine TiO2 (150 μl/cm^2). The dermis side was placed onto a tissue of cellulose soaked with isotonic phosphate buffered saline (PBS) of pH 7.4. Twenty-four hours after application of the dispersion, the PBS was removed from the skin with a dry paper towel. For the in vivo studies, 2 μl cm−2 of the commercial dispersions and the different formulations were applied onto the ventral side of the forearm of a healthy female volunteer. After 45 min, any dispersion or formulation that had not penetrated the skin was also removed with a paper towel. All penetration tests were performed in triplicate.

Name

Type

Language

TITANIUM DIOXIDE

Official Name

English

TITANIUM DIOXIDE [INCI]

Common Name

English

CI 77891

Official Name

English

TITANIUM DIOXIDE [MART.]

Common Name

English

C.I. 77891

Common Name

English

TITANIUM DIOXIDE [USP MONOGRAPH]

Common Name

English

TITANIUM DIOXIDE [EP MONOGRAPH]

Common Name

English

CI 77891 [INCI]

Common Name

English

TITANIUM DIOXIDE [USP-RS]

Common Name

English

CI-(1975)NO.77891

Code

English

CI-PIGMENT WHITE 6

Common Name

English

TITANIA

Common Name

English

TITANIUM OXIDE

Common Name

English

INS-171

Code

English

SAGENITE

Common Name

English

TITANIUM OXIDE [JAN]

Common Name

English

TITANIUM DIOXIDE [MI]

Common Name

English

INS NO.171

Code

English

TITANIUM DIOXIDE [VANDF]

Common Name

English

TITANIUM DIOXIDE [ORANGE BOOK]

Common Name

English

NSC-15204

Code

English

TITANIUM DIOXIDE [FCC]

Common Name

English

E 171

Code

English

TITANIUM DIOXIDE [II]

Common Name

English

NSC-200C

Code

English

RUTILE

Common Name

English

RUTILE (TIO2)

Common Name

English

Titanium dioxide [WHO-DD]

Common Name

English

TITANIUM DIOXIDE [HSDB]

Common Name

English

TITANIUM DIOXIDE [EP IMPURITY]

Common Name

English

CI-77891

Common Name

English

TITANIUM DIOXIDE [IARC]

Common Name

English

E-171

Code

English

Classification Tree Code System Code

CODEX ALIMENTARIUS (GSFA)

INS-171