TITANIUM DIOXIDE

Details

Stereochemistry	ACHIRAL
Molecular Formula	2O.Ti
Molecular Weight	79.866
Optical Activity	NONE
Defined Stereocenters	0 / 0
E/Z Centers	0
Charge	0

SHOW SMILES / InChI

Structure Search

SMILES

[O--].[O--].[Ti+4]

InChI

InChIKey=SOQBVABWOPYFQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N

InChI=1S/2O.Ti/q2*-2;+4

HIDE SMILES / InChI

Description
Sources: https://www.drugs.com/inactive/titanium-dioxide-70.html
Curator's Comment: description was created based on several sources, including https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2008/022009s000_ClinPharmR.pdf | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18503414

Titanium dioxide, also known as titanium(IV) oxide or titania, is the naturally occurring oxide of titanium, chemical formula TiO 2. When used as a pigment, it is called titanium white, Pigment White 6 (PW6), or CI 77891. Generally it is sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase. It has a wide range of applications, from paint to sunscreen to food coloring. When used as a food coloring, it has E number E171. World production in 2014 exceeded 9 million metric tons. Titanium dioxide has excellent ultraviolet (UV) resistant qualities and acts as a UV absorbent. In the pharmaceutical industry, titanium dioxide is used in most sunscreens to block UVA and UVB rays, similar to zinc oxide. It is also commonly used as pigment for pharmaceutical products such as gelatin capsules, tablet coatings and syrups. In the cosmetics industry, it is used in toothpaste, lipsticks, creams, ointments and powders. It can be used as an opacifier to make pigments opaque. The FDA has approved the safety of titanium dioxide for use as a colorant in food, drugs and cosmetics, including sunscreens. However, controversy exists as to the safety of titanium dioxide nanoparticles used in the cosmetics industry, for example in sunscreens. Titanium and zinc oxides may be made into the nanoparticle size (0.2-100 nanometers) to reduce the white appearance when applied topically, but retain the UV blocking properties. Recent studies suggest titanium dioxide nanoparticles may be toxic, although further research is needed.

CNS Activity

Originator

Approval Year

Targets

Primary Target	Pharmacology	Condition	Potency
ultraviolet induced damage 12 Target ID: ultraviolet induced damage Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18503257	Inhibitor 8504

Conditions

Condition	Modality	Targets	Highest Phase	Product
Sunburn 84 Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2008/022009s000_ClinPharmR.pdf	Preventing		Approved 8583	ANTHELIOS 40 Approved Use Unknown Launch Date 2008
Denture stomatitis 12 Sources: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02950623	Primary		Not Provided 511	Unknown Approved Use Unknown

PubMed

Title	Date	PubMed
Increased expression of manganese-containing superoxide dismutase in rat lungs after inhalation of inflammatory and fibrogenic minerals.	1994 Mar	8063194
Titanium, chromium and cobalt ions modulate the release of bone-associated cytokines by human monocytes/macrophages in vitro.	1996 Dec	8968517
Cytokine and prostaglandin E2 release from leukocytes in response to metal ions derived from different prosthetic materials: an in vitro study.	1999 Dec	10619928
The effects of particulate wear debris, cytokines, and growth factors on the functions of MG-63 osteoblasts.	2001 Feb	11216681
Effects of hydroxyapatite particulate debris on the production of cytokines and proteases in human fibroblasts.	2001 Jul	11518271
Matrix metalloproteinases MMP-2, -9 and tissue inhibitors TIMP-1, -2 expression and secretion by primary human osteoblast cells in response to titanium, zirconia, and alumina ceramics.	2004 Jan 1	14661256
Molecular and biomechanical characterization of mineralized tissue by dental pulp cells on titanium.	2005 Jun	15914587
Chemokine gene activation in human bone marrow-derived osteoblasts following exposure to particulate wear debris.	2006 Apr	16392133
Upregulation of LITAF mRNA expression upon exposure to TiAlV and polyethylene wear particles in THP-1 macrophages.	2007 Apr	17408380
Reconsideration of serum Ti(IV) transport: albumin and transferrin trafficking of Ti(IV) and its complexes.	2008 Feb 20	18225897
Pulmonary exposure to particles during pregnancy causes increased neonatal asthma susceptibility.	2008 Jan	17656681
Disturbed mitotic progression and genome segregation are involved in cell transformation mediated by nano-TiO2 long-term exposure.	2009 Dec 1	19695278
Toxicity and penetration of TiO2 nanoparticles in hairless mice and porcine skin after subchronic dermal exposure.	2009 Dec 1	19501137
Differential binding of inorganic particles to MARCO.	2009 Jan	18836211
Alumina ceramic particles, in comparison with titanium particles, hardly affect the expression of RANK-, TNF-alpha-, and OPG-mRNA in the THP-1 human monocytic cell line.	2009 Jun	18449944
The effects of implant surface nanoscale features on osteoblast-specific gene expression.	2009 Sep	19464052
Inhibitor of differentiation 1 (Id1) expression attenuates the degree of TiO2-induced cytotoxicity in H1299 non-small cell lung cancer cells.	2009 Sep 28	19486931
Influence of metals on cytokines production in connection with successful implantation therapy in dentistry.	2010	21173747
Involvement of JNK and P53 activation in G2/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis induced by titanium dioxide nanoparticles in neuron cells.	2010 Dec 15	20863874
Airway exposure to silica-coated TiO2 nanoparticles induces pulmonary neutrophilia in mice.	2010 Feb	19875681
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles cause apoptosis in BEAS-2B cells through the caspase 8/t-Bid-independent mitochondrial pathway.	2010 Jun 16	20362650
Spleen injury and apoptotic pathway in mice caused by titanium dioxide nanoparticules.	2010 Jun 2	20381595
Titanium ion induces necrosis and sensitivity to lipopolysaccharide in gingival epithelial-like cells.	2010 Oct	20682337
Cellular responses by stable and uniform ultrafine titanium dioxide particles in culture-medium dispersions when secondary particle size was 100 nm or less.	2010 Sep	20541599
Chemoprotective effect of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on cellular oxidative damages and apoptosis induced by nano titanium dioxide under UVA irradiation.	2011 Feb	20932892
Toll-like receptors and their adaptors are regulated in macrophages after phagocytosis of lipopolysaccharide-coated titanium particles.	2011 Jul	21308757
DNA damage and alterations in expression of DNA damage responsive genes induced by TiO2 nanoparticles in human hepatoma HepG2 cells.	2011 Sep	21067279
TiO₂ nanoparticles induce dysfunction and activation of human endothelial cells.	2012 Apr 16	22352400
Four types of inorganic nanoparticles stimulate the inflammatory reaction in brain microglia and damage neurons in vitro.	2012 Oct 17	22939914
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles increase inflammatory responses in vascular endothelial cells.	2013 Apr 5	23380242
TiO2, CeO2 and ZnO nanoparticles and modulation of the degranulation process in human neutrophils.	2013 Jul 31	23726862
Improving cytocompatibility of Co28Cr6Mo by TiO2 coating: gene expression study in human endothelial cells.	2013 Sep 6	23825117
Effect of TiO₂ nanoparticles on the structure and activity of catalase.	2014 Aug 5	24931876
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles promote arrhythmias via a direct interaction with rat cardiac tissue.	2014 Dec 9	25487314
Genotoxicity of silver and titanium dioxide nanoparticles in bone marrow cells of rats in vivo.	2014 Jan 6	24321264
Zinc oxide nanoparticles induce migration and adhesion of monocytes to endothelial cells and accelerate foam cell formation.	2014 Jul 1	24746987
Effect of pubertal nano-TiO2 exposure on testosterone synthesis and spermatogenesis in mice.	2014 Mar	24241477
Effects of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on lead bioconcentration and toxicity on thyroid endocrine system and neuronal development in zebrafish larvae.	2015 Apr	25703175
Release of titanium ions from an implant surface and their effect on cytokine production related to alveolar bone resorption.	2015 Jan 2	25446332
Genome wide identification and expression profile in epithelial cells exposed to TiO₂ particles.	2015 Mar	24023007
Silver and titanium dioxide nanoparticles alter oxidative/inflammatory response and renin-angiotensin system in brain.	2015 Nov	26277626
Cyto- and genotoxic effects of metallic nanoparticles in untransformed human fibroblast.	2015 Oct	26028148
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles modulate the toxicological response to cadmium in the gills of Mytilus galloprovincialis.	2015 Oct 30	25956639
TiO2 nanoparticle-induced neurotoxicity may be involved in dysfunction of glutamate metabolism and its receptor expression in mice.	2016 Jun	25411160

Patents

Sample Use Guides

In Vivo Use Guide

Apply evenly 15 minutes before sun exposure. Reapply as needed or after towel drying, swimming, or perspiring. Children under 6 months of age, ask a doctor.

Route of Administration: Topical

In Vitro Use Guide

For the in vitro studies, the stratum corneum side of the skin was in contact with either the aqueous or oily commercial dispersion of microfine TiO2 (150 μl/cm^2). The dermis side was placed onto a tissue of cellulose soaked with isotonic phosphate buffered saline (PBS) of pH 7.4. Twenty-four hours after application of the dispersion, the PBS was removed from the skin with a dry paper towel. For the in vivo studies, 2 μl cm−2 of the commercial dispersions and the different formulations were applied onto the ventral side of the forearm of a healthy female volunteer. After 45 min, any dispersion or formulation that had not penetrated the skin was also removed with a paper towel. All penetration tests were performed in triplicate.

Name

Type

Language

CI 77891

Preferred Name

English

TITANIUM DIOXIDE

Official Name

English

TITANIUM DIOXIDE [MART.]

Common Name

English

C.I. 77891

Common Name

English

TITANIUM DIOXIDE [USP MONOGRAPH]

Common Name

English

TITANIUM DIOXIDE [EP MONOGRAPH]

Common Name

English

TITANIUM DIOXIDE [USP-RS]

Common Name

English

CI-(1975)NO.77891

Code

English

CI-PIGMENT WHITE 6

Common Name

English

TITANIA

Common Name

English

TITANIUM OXIDE

Common Name

English

INS-171

Code

English

SAGENITE

Common Name

English

TITANIUM OXIDE [JAN]

Common Name

English

TITANIUM DIOXIDE [MI]

Common Name

English

INS NO.171

Code

English

TITANIUM DIOXIDE [VANDF]

Common Name

English

TITANIUM DIOXIDE [ORANGE BOOK]

Common Name

English

NSC-15204

Code

English

TITANIUM DIOXIDE [FCC]

Common Name

English

E 171

Code

English

TITANIUM DIOXIDE [II]

Common Name

English

NSC-200C

Code

English

RUTILE

Common Name

English

RUTILE (TIO2)

Common Name

English

Titanium dioxide [WHO-DD]

Common Name

English

TITANIUM DIOXIDE [HSDB]

Common Name

English

TITANIUM DIOXIDE [EP IMPURITY]

Common Name

English

CI-77891

Common Name

English

TITANIUM DIOXIDE [IARC]

Common Name

English

E-171

Code

English

Classification Tree Code System Code

CODEX ALIMENTARIUS (GSFA)

INS-171