Furosemide, a sulfonamide-type loop diuretic structurally related to bumetanide, is used to manage hypertension and edema associated with congestive heart failure, cirrhosis, and renal disease, including the nephrotic syndrome. Furosemide inhibits water reabsorption in the nephron by blocking the sodium-potassium-chloride cotransporter (NKCC2) in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle. This is achieved through competitive inhibition at the chloride binding site on the cotransporter, thus preventing the transport of sodium from the lumen of the loop of Henle into the basolateral interstitium. Consequently, the lumen becomes more hypertonic while the interstitium becomes less hypertonic, which in turn diminishes the osmotic gradient for water reabsorption throughout the nephron. Because the thick ascending limb is responsible for 25% of sodium reabsorption in the nephron, furosemide is a very potent diuretic. Furosemide is sold under the brand name Lasix among others.

Xanthinol (xanthinol nicotinate) is a xanthine derivative, peripheral vasodilator agent. It exerts it`s pharmacological action by acting as a vasodilator and improves blood flow to brain, arteries, and to the periphery. It increases brain glucose metabolism and thus improves brain ATP levels. It stimulates memory and concentration elevates brain energy levels. Indications for Xanthinol Nicotinate: 1. Peripheral vascular sclerosis 2. Cerebral circulatory disorders 3. Arteriosclerosis 4. Endarteritis obliterans 5. Short term memory disorders 6. Mental flagging 7. Anti ageing memory support 8. Diabetic angiopathy 9. Diabetic gangrene 10. Hyperlipidaemia 11. Intermittent claudication Side Effects of Xanthinol Nicotinate: 1. Flushing 2. Feeling of warmth 3. Nausea 4. Heart burn 5. Vomiting 6. Itching of skin For 30 years, Xanthinol nicotinate has been on the market for the treatment of impaired brain function, i.e., organic brain syndromes of various etiologies. Controlled double-blind phase-III clinical trials have shown that xantinol nicotinate is also an effective drug in the treatment of dementia. Xanthinol nicotinate is also helpful in the management of leg ulcers associated with haemoglobinopathies. Xanthinol was approved as a drug in 1998 in Canada and nowadays its status is cancelled post marketing. The positively charged xanthinol ion is thought to help the transportation of the nicotinic acid into the cell since the later cannot freely diffuse through the cell membrane. The mechanism of action is thought to be related to present influence in the cell metabolism through the nucleotides NAD and NADP. Also, the nicotinic acid is a coenzyme for a lot of proteins involved in tissue respiration (Embden-Meyerhof and citrate cycle). The effect of xanthinol nicotinate causes an increase in glucose metabolism and energy gain.