Picosulfuric acid (as sodium picosulfate) is a contact laxative, which is used in combination with: magnesium oxide, and anhydrous citric acid for cleansing of the colon as a preparation for colonoscopy in adults. Sodium picosulfate is a prodrug. It has no significant direct physiological effect on the intestine. But it is hydrolyzed by colonic bacteria to form an active metabolite: bis-(p-hydroxy-phenyl)-pyridyl-2-methane, BHPM, which acts directly on the colonic mucosa to stimulate colonic peristalsis

Cabozantinib (development code name XL184; marketed under the trade name Cometriq) is an orally bioavailable, small molecule receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) inhibitor with potential antineoplastic activity. Cabozantinib strongly binds to and inhibits several RTKs, which are often overexpressed in a variety of cancer cell types, including hepatocyte growth factor receptor (MET), RET (rearranged during transfection), vascular endothelial growth factor receptor types 1 (VEGFR-1), 2 (VEGFR-2), and 3 (VEGFR-3), mast/stem cell growth factor (KIT), FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT-3), TIE-2 (TEK tyrosine kinase, endothelial), tropomyosin-related kinase B (TRKB) and AXL. This may result in an inhibition of both tumor growth and angiogenesis, and eventually lead to tumor regression. Cabozantinib was granted orphan drug status by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in January 2011. It is currently undergoing clinical trials for the treatment of prostate, bladder, ovarian, brain, melanoma, breast, non-small cell lung, pancreatic, hepatocellular and kidney cancers.

Lomitapide (INN, marketed as Juxtapid in the US and as Lojuxta in the EU) is a drug for the treatment of familial hypercholesterolemia, developed by Aegerion Pharmaceuticals. It has been tested in clinical trials as single treatment and in combinations with atorvastatin, ezetimibe and fenofibrate. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved lomitapide on 21 December 2012, as an orphan drug to reduce LDL cholesterol, total cholesterol, apolipoprotein B, and non-high-density lipoprotein (non-HDL) cholesterol in patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HoFH). On 31 May 2013 the European Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) adopted a positive opinion with a unanimous vote recommending a marketing authorization for lomitapide. On 31 July 2013 the European Commission approved lomitapide as an adjunct to a low-fat diet and other lipid-lowering medicinal products with or without low density lipoprotein (LDL) apheresis in adult patients with HoFH. UXTAPID directly binds and inhibits microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP), which resides in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum, thereby preventing the assembly of apo B containing lipoproteins in enterocytes and hepatocytes. This inhibits the synthesis of chylomicrons and VLDL. The inhibition of the synthesis of VLDL leads to reduced levels of plasma LDL-C.

Enzalutamide (brand name Xtandi) is an orally bioavailable, organic, non-steroidal small molecule targeting the androgen receptor (AR) with potential antineoplastic activity. It was developed at UCLA and marketed by the pharmaceutical company Medivation for the treatment of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Through a mechanism that is reported to be different from other approved AR antagonists, enzalutamide inhibits the activity of prostate cancer cell ARs, which may result in a reduction in prostate cancer cell proliferation and, correspondingly, a reduction in the serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) level. AR over-expression in prostate cancer represents a key mechanism associated with prostate cancer hormone resistance.

Apixaban is an orally active inhibitor of coagulation factor Xa with anticoagulant activity. Apixaban directly inhibits factor Xa, thereby interfering with the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin and preventing formation of cross-linked fibrin clots. Apixaban has been available in Europe since May 2012. An FDA decision on apixaban which was expected on June 28, 2012 was initially delayed before final approval on December 28, 2012. On August 21, 2014, Pfizer announced that apixaban was now FDA approved for treatment and secondary prophylaxis of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). It is being developed in a joint venture by Pfizer and Bristol-Myers Squibb. It has also been used to lower the risk of developing venous thrombosis post-orthopedic surgical procedures.

Carfilzomib is an epoxomicin derivate with potential antineoplastic activity. Kyprolis (carfilzomib's trade name) is a proteasome inhibitor that is indicated for the treatment of patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma who have received one or more lines of therapy as a single agent or in combination with dexamethasone or with lenalidomide plus dexamethasone. Carfilzomib is made up of four modified peptides. It irreversibly and selectively binds to N-terminal threonine-containing active sites of the 20S proteasome, the proteolytic core particle within the 26S proteasome. This 20S core has 3 catalytic active sites: the chymotrypsin, trypsin, and caspase-like sites. Inhibition of the chymotrypsin-like site by carfilzomib (β5 and β5i subunits) is the most effective target in decreasing cellular proliferation, ultimately resulting in cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of cancerous cells. At higher doses, carfilzomib will inhibit the trypsin-and capase-like sites. Inhibition of proteasome-mediated proteolysis results in an accumulation of polyubiquinated proteins, which may lead to cell cycle arrest, induction of apoptosis, and inhibition of tumor growth.

Aclidinium is a long-acting, competitive, and reversible anticholinergic drug that is specific for the acetylcholine muscarinic receptors. It binds to all 5 muscarinic receptor subtypes to a similar affinity. It has a much higher propensity to bind to muscarinic receptors than nicotinic receptors. FDA approved on July 24, 2012. Aclidinium's effects on the airways are mediated through the M3 receptor at the smooth muscle to cause bronchodilation. Prevention of acetylcholine-induced bronchoconstriction effects was dose-dependent and lasted longer than 24 hours.

Roflumilast is a specific phosphodiesterase type (4PDE4) inhibitor indicated for use as a treatment to reduce the risk of COPD exacerbations in patients with severe COPD associated with chronic bronchitis and a history of exacerbations.

Rilpivirine is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) which is used for the treatment of HIV-1 infections in treatment-naive patients. It is active against wild-type and NNRTI-resistant HIV-1. Rilpivirine is a diarylpyrimidinethat inhibits HIV-1 replication by non-competitive inhibition of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT). Rilpivirine does not inhibit the human cellular DNA polymerases α, β and γ.

Linagliptin is a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor discovered by Boehringer Ingelheim and being developed as an oral once-daily tablet for the treatment of Type 2 diabetes. Linagliptin was first approved by FDA in 2011 under the trade name Tradjenta as an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Linagliptin binds to DPP-4 (an enzyme that degrades the incretin hormones glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP)) in a reversible manner and thus increases the concentrations of incretin hormones. Linagliptin glucose dependently increases insulin secretion and lowers glucagon secretion, thus resulting in better regulation of glucose homeostasis. Linagliptin binds selectively to DPP-4, and selectively inhibits DPP-4 but not DPP-8 or DPP-9 activity in vitro at concentrations approximating therapeutic exposures.