U.S. Department of Health & Human Services Divider Arrow National Institutes of Health Divider Arrow NCATS

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Showing 81 - 90 of 31672 results

Revefenacin (trade name Yupelri is a long-acting muscarinic antagonist developed by Mylan Ireland ltd for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It has similar affinity to the subtypes of muscarinic receptors M1 to M5. In the airways, it exhibits pharmacological effects through inhibition of M3 receptor at the smooth muscle leading to bronchodilation. The competitive and reversible nature of antagonism was shown with human and animal origin receptors and isolated organ preparations. In preclinical in vitro as well as in vivo models, prevention of methacholine- and acetylcholine-induced bronchoconstrictive effects was dose-dependent and lasted longer than 24 hours.
Tezacaftor (VX-661) is an investigational compound developed by Vertex Pharmaceuticals to treat cystic fibrosis (CF). It is an oral corrector of the CF transmembrane regulator (CFTR) and is similar to lumacaftor, another N-aryl-1-(2,2-difluoro-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)cyclopropanecarboxamide derivative developed by Vertex. Cystic fibrosis is caused by defects in CFTR gene, which encodes an epithelial chloride channel. The most common mutant Δ508CFTR is a misfolded protein that does not reach the cell membrane. VX-661 corrects trafficking of Δ508CFTR and partially restores chloride channel activity. In vitro, a combination of VX-661 and ivacaftor, an FDA approved in 2012 CFTR potentiator which increases the time the CFTR channel is open, allowing chloride ions to flow through the CFTR proteins on the surface of epithelial cells, resulted in greater CFTR activity compared with VX-661 alone. In February 2012, a phase 2, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of VX-661 was initiated in CF patients who were homozygous or heterozygous for the F508del mutation. There is an ongoing Vertex Phase 3 development program of VX-661 in combination with ivacaftor which includes four studies on CF patients 1) with two copies of the F508del mutation, 2) one copy of the F508del mutation and a second mutation that results in residual CFTR function, 3) one copy of the F508del mutation and a second mutation that results in residual CFTR function gating defect in the CFTR protein and 4) one copy of the F508del mutation and a second mutation that results in minimal CFTR function.
Bictegravir is a component of the fixed-dose combination product bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide (BIKTARVY®), which received marketing approval for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in February 2018. Bictegravir inhibits the strand transfer activity of HIV-1 integrase, an HIV-1 encoded enzyme that is required for viral replication. Inhibition of integrase prevents the integration of linear HIV-1 DNA into host genomic DNA, blocking the formation of the HIV-1 provirus and propagation of the virus.
Talazoparib (BMN 673) demonstrates excellent potency, inhibiting PARP1 and PARP2 enzyme activity. It inhibits PARP-mediated PARylation in a whole-cell assay and prevents proliferation of cancer cells carrying mutant BRCA1/2. Talazoparib is orally available, displaying favorable pharmacokinetic properties and remarkable antitumor efficacy in the BRCA1 mutant MX-1 breast cancer xenograft model following oral administration as a single-agent or in combination with chemotherapy agents such as temozolomide and cisplatin. Medivation (a subsidiary of Pfizer) is developing talazoparib (MDV 3800, formerly BMN 673 and LT 673) for the treatment of genetically defined cancers. On October 16, 2018, the FDA approved talazoparib (TALZENNA, Pfizer Inc.) for patients with deleterious or suspected deleterious germline BRCA-mutated (gBRCAm), HER2‑negative locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer.
Encorafenib, also known as BRAFTOVI or LGX818, is an orally available mutated BRaf V600E inhibitor with potential antineoplastic activity, which was developed by Novartis. LGX818 possesses selective anti-proliferative and apoptotic activity in cells expressing BRAFV600E. In the A375 (BRAFV600E) human melanoma cell line LGX818 suppresses phospho-ERK (EC50 = 3 nM) leading to potent inhibition of proliferation (EC50 = 4 nM). No significant activity was observed against a panel of 100 kinases (IC50 > 900 nM) and LGX818 did not inhibit proliferation of > 400 cell lines expressing wild-type BRAF. On June 27, 2018, the Food and Drug Administration approved encorafenib and Binimetinib (BRAFTOVI and MEKTOVI, Array BioPharma Inc.) in combination for patients with unresectable or metastatic melanoma with a BRAF V600E or V600K mutation, as detected by an FDA-approved test. Encorafenib and binimetinib target two different kinases in the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK pathway. Compared with either drug alone, co-administration of encorafenib and binimetinib result in greater anti-proliferative activity in vitro in BRAF mutation-positive cell lines and greater anti-tumor activity with respect to tumor growth inhibition in BRAF V600E mutant human melanoma xenograft studies in mice. In addition to the above, the combination of encorafenib and binimetinib acted to delay the emergence of resistance in BRAF V600E mutant human melanoma xenografts in mice compared with the administration of either drug alone. Encorafenib is in phase III for Metastatic Colorectal Cancer and in phase II for Relapsed or Refractory Multiple Myeloma.
Lutetium Lu 177 dotatate binds to somatostatin receptors with highest affinity for subtype 2 receptors (SSRT2). Upon binding to somatostatin receptor expressing cells, including malignant somatostatin receptor-positive tumors, the compound is internalized. The beta emission from Lu 177 induces cellular damage by formation of free radicals in somatostatin receptor-positive cells and in neighboring cells. LUTATHERA® (lutetium Lu 177 dotatate) is indicated for the treatment of somatostatin receptor-positive gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NETs), including foregut, midgut, and hindgut neuroendocrine tumors in adults.
Sarecycline (SC1401, WC3035) is a novel, once-daily, tetracycline-derived compound being developed by Paratek Pharmaceuticals and Allergan (previously Actavis) for use in the treatment of acne and rosacea. In preclinical studies, Sarecycline possesses favorable anti-inflammatory activity, plus narrow-spectrum antibacterial activity relative to other tetracycline-derived molecules. Sarecycline has been used in Phase III clinical trials studying the treatment of Acne Vulgaris. The primary objective was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of oral Sarecycline 1.5 mg/kg per day compared to placebo in treating inflammatory acne lesions in subjects with moderate to severe acne. Sarecycline was statistically significantly superior to placebo with respect to primary efficacy endpoints. The most common adverse events (>2%) reported in the sarecycline group were nausea (3.2%), nasopharyngitis (2.8%), and headache (2.8%). The rate of discontinuation due to adverse events among sarecycline-treated patients in the two studies combined was 1.4%.

Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (ACHIRAL)



Apalutamide (developmental code name ARN-509) is a selective and competitive androgen receptor inhibitor with IC50 of 16 nM, useful for prostate cancer treatment. Apalutamide binds to AR in target tissues thereby preventing androgen-induced receptor activation and facilitating the formation of inactive complexes that cannot be translocated to the nucleus. This prevents binding to and transcription of AR-responsive genes. This ultimately inhibits the expression of genes that regulate prostate cancer cell proliferation and may lead to an inhibition of cell growth in AR-expressing tumor cells. Apalutamide is currently in phase III clinical trials for castration-resistant prostate cancer.
Gilteritinib, also known as ASP2215, is a potent FLT3/AXL inhibitor, which showed potent antileukemic activity against AML with either or both FLT3-ITD and FLT3-D835 mutations. In in vitro, among the 78 tyrosine kinases tested, Gilteritinib inhibited FLT3, LTK, ALK, and AXL kinases by over 50% at 1 nM with an IC50 value of 0.29 nM for FLT3, approximately 800-fold more potent than for c-KIT, the inhibition of which is linked to a potential risk of myelosuppression. Gilteritinib inhibited the growth of MV4-11 cells, which harbor FLT3-ITD, with an IC50 value of 0.92 nM, accompanied with inhibition of pFLT3, pAKT, pSTAT5, pERK, and pS6. Gilteritinib decreased tumor burden in bone marrow and prolonged the survival of mice intravenously transplanted with MV4-11 cells. In previous preclinical studies, gilteritinib has demonstrated superior antitumor effects when given in combination with AraC and either DNR or IDR compared with combination chemotherapy. In November 2018, the FDA approved gilteritinib for treatment of adult patients with relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with a FLT3 mutation as detected by an FDA-approved test.
Plazomicin is a novel aminoglycoside antibiotic that binds to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, thus inhibiting protein synthesis in a concentration-dependent manner. Plazomicin displays a broad spectrum of activity against aerobic gram-negative bacteria including extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae, carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, and organisms with aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes. Plazomicin resistance in Enterobacteriaceae is via modification of the ribosomal binding site due to expression of 16S rRNA methyltransferases. ZEMDRI (plazomicin) injection for intravenous use is indicated for the treatment of patients 18 years of age or older with Complicated Urinary Tract Infections (cUTI) including Pyelonephritis.