Cholic acid is a primary bile acid synthesized from cholesterol in the liver. Endogenous bile acids including cholic acid enhance bile flow and provide the physiologic feedback inhibition of bile acid synthesis. The mechanism of action of cholic acid has not been fully established; however, it is known that cholic acid and its conjugates are endogenous ligands of the nuclear receptor, farnesoid X receptor (FXR). FXR regulates enzymes and transporters that are involved in bile acid synthesis and in the enterohepatic circulation to maintain bile acid homeostasis under normal physiologic conditions. U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved Cholbam (cholic acid) capsules, the first FDA approved treatment for pediatric and adult patients with bile acid synthesis disorders due to single enzyme defects, and for patients with peroxisomal disorders (including Zellweger spectrum disorders).

Edetic acid (EDTA) is a chelating agent. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved edetic acid chelation therapy as a treatment for lead and heavy metal poisoning. Edetic acid in form of disodium salt was withdrawn from the market due to death resulting from hypocalcemia during chelation.