Pifithrin-alpha is a small molecule p53 functional inhibitor reported to behave like an antiapoptotic agent in neurodegenerative models. Pifithrin-alpha is a prodrug that under physiological conditions spontaneously undergoes ring closure to yield pifithrin-beta. Pifithrin-beta demonstrated antiproliferative and neuroprotective effects in vitro. Pifithrin-beta is able to activate the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) in a complete independent way of the p53 inhibition.

Niguldipine, a mixture of two forms: (-) and (+)-Niguldipine is an antagonist of alpha 1A adrenoreceptors. Preclinical studies of niguldipine as an anticonvulsive drug on mice was revealed that the use of niguldipine in epileptic patients seems questionable.