Menaquinone 6 (vitamin K2) is the major isoprenoid quinone found in bacterias. Menaquinone 6 plays an essential role as an electron carrier in the bacterial respiratory chain. Only small amounts of menaquinone 6 can be found in human.

Benfotiamine is a derivative of vitamin B1. It was developed in Japan specifically to treat Korsakoff's syndrome and patented in the United States in 1962, but never became popular. It has been in use as a widely used prescription drug in Europe since 1978 to treat diabetes and is available at many vitamin shops in the United States. It has been licensed for use in Germany since 1993 under the trade name Milgamma. (Combinations with pyridoxine or cyanocobalamin are also sold under this name). It is prescribed there for treating sciatica and other painful nerve conditions. It is marketed as a medicine and/or dietary supplement, depending on the respective Regulatory Authority. Unfortunately apparent evidences from human studies are scarce and especially endpoint studies are missing. Benfotiamine has proven to affect glucose metabolic process through various mode of actions, and plays a part in obstructing age-associated glycation end products (AGEs). Benfotiamine reduces the extra biosynthesis and accumulation of a number of glucose metabolites, including glyceraldeyde-3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate. Elevated levels of those glucose intermediates function as a trigger to most of the mechanisms accountable for hyperglycemia-caused cell damage. Benfotiamine increases tissue amounts of thiamine diphosphate, consequently growing transketolase activity and producing a significant decrease in glucose metabolites and precursors to AGEs. Up to now, two of the most effective AGE inhibitors in living microorganisms would be the Vitamin B1 derivative, benfotiamine and also the Vitamin B6 derivative, pyridoxamine. Additionally, benfotiamine has long been proven to lessen NF-kB activity, therefore restricting the over-production from the harmful superoxide toxin. Excess superoxide production may partly hinder a vital enzyme in glucose metabolic process, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, directing glucose metabolites from glycolysis in to the major glucose-driven signaling paths that cause hyperglycemic damage. Theoretically, overdose with benfotiamine should cause menopausal flashes, bluish skin (because of rapid utilization of oxygen), tingling, and difficulty breathing, but used, this merely has not happened.

Fursultiamine, also known as thiamine tetrahydrofurfuryl disulfide (TTFD) is an oral FDA- approved thiamine derivative for treating vitamin B1 deficiency and is very rapidly metabolized into thiamine. Fursultiamine possesses a mild beneficial effect in patients with Alzheimer's disease. The improvement could be observed not only in their emotional or other mental symptoms but also in intellectual function. Only mildly impaired subjects showed cognitive improvement. In addition was shown, that fursultiamine have a beneficial clinical effect on some autistic children. Some relatively recent experiments have revealed that fursultiamine was a unique antagonist of hepcidin in vitro that could serve as a template for the development of drug candidates that inhibit the hepcidin-ferroportin interaction. This inhibition is a key for the treatment of anemia of inflammation (AI), a common in patients with infection, autoimmune diseases, cancer, and chronic kidney disease.

δ-Tocopherol (δ-T) is a chiral organic molecule belonging to the group of tocopherol, that vary in their degree of methylation of the phenol moiety of the chromanol ring. It was revealed, that δ-Tocopherol had a more potent anticancer activity in solid tumors compared to the other tocopherols, δ-T possessed antileukemic activity of in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). δ-T induced tumor cell death through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPAR-γ) induction, cyclin-D1 inhibition, and modulation of redox balance. In addition, on animal models was found, that δ-tocopherol was more active than α- or γ-tocopherol in inhibiting lung tumor growth, possibly through trapping reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and inducing apoptosis.

Methylcobalamin (also known as mecobalamin, MeCbl, or MeB12) is one of the two forms of biologically active vitamin B12. Methyl-B12 is the principal form of circulating vitamin B12, hence the form, which is transported into peripheral tissue. Methylcobalamin is absorbed by the intestine by a specific mechanism, which uses the intrinsic factor, and by a diffusion process in which approximately 1% of the ingested dose is absorbed. Cyanocobalamin and hydroxycobalamin are forms of the vitamin that require conversion to methylcobalamin. Methylcobalamin alone or in combination with others compound are used to treat different diseases. Being a component of CEREFOLIN NAC it is used to treat Alzheimer's dementia. As a part of METANX® tablets is used for the dietary management of endothelial dysfunction in patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Methylcobalamin exerted therapeutic effects on neuropathic pain in diabetics, possibly through its neurosynthesis and neuroprotective actions. The possible mechanisms can be considered as follows. (1) Methylcobalamin improved nerve conduction velocity; (2) methylcobalamin promoted injured nerve regeneration, recovering the neuromuscular functions in peripheral hyperalgesia and allodynia; and (3) methylcobalamin inhibited the ectopic spontaneous discharges from peripheral primary sensory neurons in neuropathic pain states. Methylcobalamin is the only form that can cross the blood-brain barrier and so can directly protect brain cells from degeneration. While crossing the barrier, it also stimulates production of serotonin, a chemical neurotransmitter responsible for elevated mood; research where Alzheimer’s patients were administered methylcobalamin showcased improvements in memory, communication skills, and emotions. It also helps form the myelin sheath, the insular coating around nerve cells that allow for electrical impulses to travel through the nervous system more efficiently.

Pyridoxal phosphate (PLP, pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, P5P) is a coenzyme, the active form of vitamin B6. Pyridoxal 5′-phosphate (PLP) is used as a cofactor for a wide range of enzymes including mitochondrial cysteine desulfurase, cystathionine γ-synthase (CGS), ornithine 4,5-aminomutase (OAM), and d-serine dehydratase. The versatility of PLP arises from its ability to covalently bind the substrate, and then to act as an electrophilic catalyst, thereby stabilizing different types of carbanionic reaction intermediates. PLP acts as a coenzyme in all transamination reactions, in various beta-elimination reactions, in the condensation reaction in heme synthesis.

Ascorbyl palmitate is a fat soluble vitamin C ester. An ester is simply a compound formed by the combination of an organic acid and an alcohol – in this case it is ascorbic acid and palmitic acid (a fat – which is composed of fatty acids and glycerol - an alcohol). Therefore, ascorbyl palmitate is formed by the esterification of ascorbic acid with palmitic acid to form vitamin C ester. Ascorbyl palmitate is an amphipathic molecule, meaning one end is water-soluble and the other end is fat-soluble. This dual solubility allows it to be incorporated into cell membranes. When incorporated into the cell membranes of human red blood cells, ascorbyl palmitate has been found to protect them from oxidative damage and to protect alpha-tocopherol (a fat-soluble antioxidant) from oxidation by free radicals. Basically, the fat-soluble aspect of ascorbyl palmitate extends vitamin C free radical protection into the fat parts of the body. However, the protective effects of ascorbyl palmitate on cell membranes have only been demonstrated in the test tube (in vitro). Taking ascorbyl palmitate orally may not result in any significant incorporation into cell membranes because most of it appears to be hydrolyzed (broken apart into palmitate and ascorbic acid) in the human digestive tract before it is absorbed. The ascorbic acid released by the hydrolysis of ascorbyl palmitate appears to be as bioavailable as ascorbic acid alone. The presence of ascorbyl palmitate in oral supplements contributes to the ascorbic acid content of the supplement and probably helps protect fat-soluble antioxidants in the supplement. This is also true for food products. Ascorbyl palmitate is used to increase the shelf life of vegetable oils and potato chips. The role of vitamin C in promoting collagen synthesis and its antioxidant properties have generated interest in its use on the skin. Ascorbyl palmitate is frequently used in topical preparations because it is more stable than some aqueous (water-soluble) forms of vitamin C. It is also suggested that this form of vitamin C is better able to penetrate the skin and the thin membrane of cells (due to its dual solubility), which can then go on to help produce collagen and elastin.