The potential antiviral effect of adefovir, an acyclic nucleoside phosphonate analog of 2′-deoxyadenosine monophosphate, was first studied by Holý and De Clercq in 1980s. Adefovir is an acyclic nucleotide analog of adenosine monophosphate which is phosphorylated to the active metabolite adefovir diphosphate by cellular kinases. Adefovir diphosphate inhibits HBV DNA polymerase (reverse transcriptase) by competing with the natural substrate deoxyadenosine triphosphate and by causing DNA chain termination after its incorporation into viral DNA. Oral adefovir dipivoxil is effective and generally well tolerated in HBeAg-positive and -negative patients chronically infected with wild-type or lamivudine-resistant HBV.

Lorazepam (brand name Ativan) is indicated for the management of anxiety disorders or for the short-term relief of the symptoms of anxiety or anxiety associated with depressive symptoms. Anxiety or tension associated with the stress of everyday life usually does not require treatment with an anxiolytic. Lorazepam binds to an allosteric site on GABA-A receptors, which are pentameric ionotropic receptors in the CNS. Binding potentiates the effects of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA, which upon binding opens the chloride channel in the receptor, allowing chloride influx and causing hyperpolarization of the neuron. Studies in healthy volunteers show that in single high doses Ativan (lorazepam) has a tranquilizing action on the central nervous system with no appreciable effect on the respiratory or cardiovascular systems. Ativan (lorazepam) is readily absorbed with an absolute bioavailability of 90 percent. The mean half-life of unconjugated lorazepam in human plasma is about 12 hours and for its major metabolite, lorazepam glucuronide, about 18 hours. At clinically relevant concentrations, lorazepam is approximately 85% bound to plasma proteins. Lorazepam is rapidly conjugated at its 3-hydroxy group into lorazepam glucuronide which is then excreted in the urine. Lorazepam glucuronide has no demonstrable CNS activity in animal. Most adverse reactions to benzodiazepines, including CNS effects and respiratory depression, are dose dependent, with more severe effects occurring with high doses. Paradoxical reactions, including anxiety, excitation, agitation, hostility, aggression, rage, sleep disturbances/insomnia, sexual arousal, and hallucinations may occur. Small decreases in blood pressure and hypotension may occur but are usually not clinically significant, probably being related to the relief of anxiety produced by lorazepam.

Clocortolone (used in form of pivalate prodrug) is a topical glucocorticoid that was approved by FDA for the treatment of corticosteroid-responsive skin disorders. The drug exerts its anti-inflammatory action by binding to glucocorticoid receptor which results in regulation of the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and further antiproliferative, immunosuppressive, and initial vasoconstrictive effects.

Desonide is a topical glucocorticoid which was approved by FDA for the treatment of such conditions as eczema, psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, etc. The exact mechanism of drug action is unknown.

Ampicillin is a penicillin beta-lactam antibiotic. The following gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria have been shown in in vitro studies to be susceptible to ampicillin: Hemolytic and nonhemolytic streptococci, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Nonpenicillinase-producing staphylococci, Clostridium spp., B. anthracis, Listeria monocytogenes, most strains of enterococci, H. influenzae, N. gonorrhoeae, N. meningitidis, Proteus mirabilis, many strains of Salmonella, Shigella, and E. coli. Ampicillin is indicated in the treatment of bacterial meningitis, septicemia, endocarditis, urinary tract, gastrointestinal, respiratory tract infections caused by susceptible strains of the designated organisms.

Ampicillin is a penicillin beta-lactam antibiotic. The following gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria have been shown in in vitro studies to be susceptible to ampicillin: Hemolytic and nonhemolytic streptococci, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Nonpenicillinase-producing staphylococci, Clostridium spp., B. anthracis, Listeria monocytogenes, most strains of enterococci, H. influenzae, N. gonorrhoeae, N. meningitidis, Proteus mirabilis, many strains of Salmonella, Shigella, and E. coli. Ampicillin is indicated in the treatment of bacterial meningitis, septicemia, endocarditis, urinary tract, gastrointestinal, respiratory tract infections caused by susceptible strains of the designated organisms.

Ampicillin is a penicillin beta-lactam antibiotic. The following gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria have been shown in in vitro studies to be susceptible to ampicillin: Hemolytic and nonhemolytic streptococci, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Nonpenicillinase-producing staphylococci, Clostridium spp., B. anthracis, Listeria monocytogenes, most strains of enterococci, H. influenzae, N. gonorrhoeae, N. meningitidis, Proteus mirabilis, many strains of Salmonella, Shigella, and E. coli. Ampicillin is indicated in the treatment of bacterial meningitis, septicemia, endocarditis, urinary tract, gastrointestinal, respiratory tract infections caused by susceptible strains of the designated organisms.

Prednisolone is a synthetic adrenocortical steroid drug with predominantly glucocorticoid properties. Some of these properties reproduce the physiological actions of endogenous glucocorticosteroids, but others do not necessarily reflect any of the adrenal hormones’ normal functions; they are seen only after administration of large therapeutic doses of the drug. The pharmacological effects of prednisolone which are due to its glucocorticoid properties include: promotion of gluconeogenesis; increased deposition of glycogen in the liver; inhibition of the utilization of glucose; anti-insulin activity; increased catabolism of protein; increased lipolysis; stimulation of fat synthesis and storage; increased glomerular filtration rate and resulting increase in urinary excretion of urate (creatinine excretion remains unchanged); and increased calcium excretion. Prednisolone is used to treat certain types of allergies, inflammatory conditions, autoimmune disorders, and cancers. Some of these conditions include adrenocortical insufficiency, high blood calcium, rheumatoid arthritis, dermatitis, eye inflammation, asthma, and multiple sclerosis.