Diammonium sulfite monohydrate (Ammonium sulfite monohydrate) has a wide use of applications, such as hair straightening or waving agents, as an ingredient in carmel food coloring, as well as an reducing agent in photography. Other applications include lubricants for cold metal working and blast furnace linings. It is considered safe as used in cosmetic formulations.

Diiodotyrosine (DIT) is a regulatory ligand for thyroid peroxidase, enzyme, which is involved in the production of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), the thyroid hormones. Diiodotyrosine was proposed to be a new marker of leukocyte phagocytic activity in sepsis and severe infections.

Benidipine is an orally triple L-, T-, and N-type calcium channel blocker for the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris synthesized and developed by Kyowa Hakko Kogyo Co., Ltd. Benidipine, approved in Japan in November 1991, has become one of the three best selling CCBs and is highly useful as a potent, long-lasting antihypertensive and antianginal agent.

Beta-Hydroxyisovaleric acid (also known as 3-hydroxyisovaleric acid or 3HIA) is a normal human metabolite excreted in the urine. It is a byproduct of the leucine degradation pathway. Beta-Hydroxyisovaleric acid serves as a sensitive indicator of marginal biotin deficiency in humans. The variability of the proportion of leucine catabolites excreted as 3HIA suggests substantial population heterogeneity in the metabolic capacity of the 3HIA-carnitine detoxification pathway. In addition, was shown that in type II diabetic patients the catabolism of leucine was accelerated even in the absence of ketosis and that the urinary beta-hydroxyisovaleric acid concentration was a useful marker of short-term metabolic control in these patients.

Bifendate is a synthetic intermediate of Schisandrin C and also an anti-HBV drug used in Chinese medicine for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B. Following the intake of Bifendate in rats, the drug was observed to improve liver function by increasing the detoxification process, reducing pathological lesions, and accelerating hepatocyte regeneration. Bifendate can also function as a membrane-stabilizing agent to protect the cell from damage. After treatment with Bifendate, the protein metabolic processes of hepatitis patients were improved, with increased serum albumin levels and decreased globulin levels. Bifendate is a potent inducer of cytochrome proteins (CYPs) and can result in clinically significant interactions. It has been proposed that the increased detoxification capability of Bifendate originates from an increase in the level of P450. Bifendate may function as a protecting agent to prevent drug-induced liver dysfunction by increasing the activity of CYP450.

Bifendate is a synthetic intermediate of Schisandrin C and also an anti-HBV drug used in Chinese medicine for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B. Following the intake of Bifendate in rats, the drug was observed to improve liver function by increasing the detoxification process, reducing pathological lesions, and accelerating hepatocyte regeneration. Bifendate can also function as a membrane-stabilizing agent to protect the cell from damage. After treatment with Bifendate, the protein metabolic processes of hepatitis patients were improved, with increased serum albumin levels and decreased globulin levels. Bifendate is a potent inducer of cytochrome proteins (CYPs) and can result in clinically significant interactions. It has been proposed that the increased detoxification capability of Bifendate originates from an increase in the level of P450. Bifendate may function as a protecting agent to prevent drug-induced liver dysfunction by increasing the activity of CYP450.

Benidipine is an orally triple L-, T-, and N-type calcium channel blocker for the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris synthesized and developed by Kyowa Hakko Kogyo Co., Ltd. Benidipine, approved in Japan in November 1991, has become one of the three best selling CCBs and is highly useful as a potent, long-lasting antihypertensive and antianginal agent.

Kainic acid (kainate) is a natural marine acid present in some seaweed. Kainic acid is a potent neuroexcitatory amino acid that acts by activating receptors for glutamate, the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. Kainic acid is commonly injected into laboratory animal models to study the effects of experimental ablation. Kainic acid is a direct agonist of the glutamic kainate receptors and large doses of concentrated solutions produce immediate neuronal death by overstimulating neurons to death. Such damage and death of neurons is referred to as an excitotoxic lesion. Thus, in large, concentrated doses kainic acid can be considered a neurotoxin, and in small doses of dilute solution kainic acid will chemically stimulate neurons. Kainic acid is utilised in primary neuronal cell cultures and acute brain slice preparations [5] to study of the physiological effect of excitotoxicity and assess the neuroprotective capabilities of potential therapeutics. Kainic acid is a potent central nervous system excitant that is used in epilepsy research to induce seizures in experimental animals, at a typical dose of 10–30 mg/kg in mice. In addition to inducing seizures, kainic acid is excitotoxic and epileptogenic. Kainic acid induces seizures via activation of kainate receptors containing the GluK2 subunit and also through activation of AMPA receptors, for which it serves as a partial agonist.

Tropisetron (Tropisetron-AFT) is a potent and selective serotonin 3 (5-hydroxytryptamine3; 5-HT3) receptor antagonist with antiemetic properties, probably mediated via antagonism of receptors both at peripheral sites and in the central nervous system. Surgery and treatment with certain substances, including some chemotherapeutic agents, may trigger the release of serotonin from enterochromaffin-like cells in the visceral mucosa and initiate the emesis reflex and its accompanying feeling of nausea. Tropisetron (Tropisetron-AFT) selectively blocks the excitation of the presynaptic 5-HT3 receptors of the peripheral neurons in this reflex, and may exert additional direct actions within the CNS on 5-HT3 receptors mediating the actions of vagal input to the area postrema.

Eberconazole is an antifungal drug with broad antimicrobial spectrum of activity. The drug was developed and approved in Spain (Ebernet 1% cream) for the treatment of tinea. Eberconazole exerts fungicidal or fungistatic activity depending on concentration, being fungicidal at higher concentration and fungistatic at lower concentrations. Eberconazole prevents fungal growth by inhibiting ergosterol synthesis, an essential component of the fungal cytoplasmic membrane leading to structural and functional changes. It prevents the fungal ergosterol synthesis by inhibiting lanosterol 14alpha-demethylase enzyme that is responsible for the formation of 14 alpha-methylsterols (precursor of ergosterols).