Etilefrine is a cardiac stimulant used as an antihypotensive. Intravenous infusion of this compound increases cardiac output, stroke volume, venous return and blood pressure in man and experimental animals, suggesting stimulation of both α and β adrenergic receptors. However, in vitro studies indicate that etilefrine has a much higher affinity for β1 (cardiac) than for β2 adrenoreceptors. Intravenous etilefrine increases the pulse rate, cardiac output, stroke volume, central venous pressure and mean arterial pressure of healthy individuals. Marked falls in pulse rate, cardiac output, stroke volume and peripheral bloodflow, accompanied by rises in mean arterial pressure, occur when etilefrine is infused after administration of intravenous propranolol 2,5 mg. These findings indicate that etilefrine has both β1 and α1 adrenergic effects in man. The French Health Products Agency concluded that etilefrine and heptaminol have an unfavourable harm-benefit balance, and also placed restrictions on the use of midodrine.

Benapryzine is a dialkylaminoethanol ester of diphenylacetic acid. It is a muscarinic cholinoceptor antagonist with negligible peripheral effects. Benapryzine in addition to its anti-acetylcholine action antagonizes both maximal electroshock and metrazol-induced convulsions in mice. This feature is not generally shown by anti-acetylcholine agents but is seen with orphenadrine. Side effects of benapryzine were rare. They are: drowsiness, dry mouth, confusion, disorientation, hallucinations and postural syncope with measurable postural hypotension. Benapryzine has been used as an antiparkinsonian agent.

Naftidrofuryl (INN), also known as nafronyl or as the oxalate salt naftidrofuryl oxalate or nafronyl oxalate, is a vasodilator used in the management of peripheral and cerebral vascular disorders. The drug act as a selective antagonist of 5-HT2 receptors. Naftidrofuryl is marketed under a variety of trade names, including Artocoron, Azunaftil, Di-Actane, Dusodril, Enelbin, Frilix, Gevatran, Iridus, Iridux, Luctor, Nafti, Naftoling, Naftodril, Nafoxal, Praxilene, Sodipryl retard, and Vascuprax. Praxilene belongs to a group of medicines known as ‘metabolic activators’. These are used to treat different types of blood circulation problems. Praxilene allows the body to make better use of the oxygen in your blood. Praxilene is used to treat the following symptoms: cramp-like pains; cramps in legs at night; severe pain in r legs when people are resting (rest pain); pale or blue fingers or toes which get worse when it is cold; numbness, tingling or burning feelings in the fingers or toes (Raynaud’s syndrome or acrocyanosis); open sores on the legs or feet (trophic ulcers); poor circulation caused by diabetes (diabetic arteriopathy).

Debrisoquin is an antihypertensive drug having guanethidine-like properties, which inhibits monoamine oxidase (MAO) and does not enter the brain. Debrisoquine was used for the treatment of hypertension. Debrisoquine hydroxylation phenotype has been the most used test in humans to evaluate CYP2D6 activity. Two debrisoquine hydroxylation phenotypes have been described: poor and extensive metabolizers. A group with a very low debrisoquine metabolic ratio within the extensive metabolizers, named ultrarapid metabolizers, has also been distinguished. This CYP2D6 variability can be for a large part alternatively determined by genotyping, which appears to be of clinical importance given CYP2D6 involvement in the metabolism of a large number of commonly prescribed drugs.

Almitrine, a selective pulmonary vasoconstrictor and a respiratory stimulant that enhances respiration by acting as an agonist of peripheral chemoreceptors located on the carotid bodies. The drug increases arterial oxygen tension while decreasing arterial carbon dioxide tension in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. In combination with raubasine, it used under the brand, name Duxil for the treatment of age-related cerebral disorders and functional rehabilitation after stroke. In addition, Duxil has been considered as an alternative treatment for dementia, but because of the low methodological quality of included trials and the small number of trials, the obtained data did not provide sufficient evidence to support the routine use of this drug for the disease.

Thioproperazine is a potent neuroleptic with antipsychotic properties. Thioproperazine has a marked cataleptic and antiapomorphine activity associated with relatively slight sedative, hypothermic and spasmolytic effects. It is virtually without antiserotonin and hypotensive action and has no antihistaminic property. It is used for the treatment of all types of acute and chronic schizophrenia, including those which did not respond to the usual neuroleptics; manic syndromes. Overdosage may result in severe extrapyramidal symptoms with dysphagia, marked sialorrhea, persistent and rapidly increasing hyperthermia, pulmonary syndrome, state of shock with pallor and profuse sweating, which may be followed by collapse and coma.

Fenspiride is an oxazolidinone spiro compound used as a drug in the treatment of certain respiratory diseases. It is approved for use in Russia for the treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory diseases of ENT organs and the respiratory tract (like rhinopharyngitis, laryngitis, tracheobronchitis, otitis and sinusitis), as well as for maintenance treatment of asthma. Fenspiride is marketed under the brand names Eurespal, Pneumorel, SYRESP, Oxofen and others. Erespal (fenspiride) is a drug with a bronchodilator and spasmolytic effect, which is often used in the complex therapy of bronchial asthma. Fenspiride has a clinically proven ability to increase the activity of the cilia of the bronchial ciliated epithelium, normalize the secretion of the bronchi and reduce its viscosity. Effectively removes bronchial obstruction, restores pulmonary gas exchange. Inhibits the metabolism of arachidonic acid, in parallel blocking histamine H1-receptors, since it is histamine that stimulates the chemical reactions of the transformation of arachidonic acid into the final metabolites-factors of inflammation. Reduces the production of other mediators of inflammation - serotonin and bradykinin. It blocks α-adrenergic receptors, the activation of which increases the secretion of bronchial glands. The complex effect of fenspiride reduces the pathological effect of a number of factors that promote hypersecretion of anti-inflammatory substances and cause obstruction of the bronchial tree. Has a pronounced antispasmodic and myotropic effect.

Pronetalol (Pronethalol) is a nonselective beta-adrenoceptor antagonist that is structurally related to propranolol. Pronethalol displays a ∼125–150-fold lower affinity (140–830 nM) for beta-adrenoceptors than propranolol (1.1–5.7 nM). Pronethalol was the first beta-adrenoceptor antagonist used for the treatment of coronary heart disease and cardiac arrhythmias. Pronethalol is a cationic-amphiphilic agent that exhibits membrane-stabilizing effects that are unrelated to beta-adrenoceptor blockade. Pronetalol itself never came into widespread clinical use; it was found to produce thymic tumors in mice, and was discarded in favor of a similar, safer compound, ICI 45,520.

CLOMACRAN, a non-phenothiazine tricyclic compound, is an antipsychotic drug.